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This is a book about using the best evidence to inform treatment decisions for people with cancer. It is written by oncologists for oncologists, using examples throughout to illustrate key points. The book starts off with a \"toolbox\" section, written in a way which will help those relatively new to the principles of evidence-based oncology to understand the key issues, and equip them with the basics of how to tell a good study from a bad one. The majority of the book then deals with an evidence-based summary of the common and important cancers in a structured and easy to read format around common patient scenarios and frequently asked questions. Whilst most of the evidence is based on randomised controlled trials, other studies are cited where appropriate eg when discussing adverse events. The unique accompanying book website will contain updates of new chapters and studies as they become available. * Written by leading world figures in the evidence-based movement * Includes free CD-ROM with PC eBook and sample PDA chapter * Methodology of reviewing and appraising evidence discussed in the context of cancer management * Clinical sections covering prevention and screening * Chapters on treatment of the individual major cancers review the current best available evidence to most frequently asked questions * Rigorously structured explicit searches, evidence of efficacy and harms, plus comment around clinical scenarios * Free-access update website keeping the text current and live: www.evidbasedoncology.com

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Diet as a primary prevention strategy to reduce the incidence of specific cancers ‐ a summary of the evidence Conclusions

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Carotenoids Specific confounding problems with food intake research Evidence for cancer risk reduction potential of retinols for specific cancer sites Large scale primary prevention intervention studies: cancer as endpoint Systemic biomarker studies Prevention of second primary cancers Conclusions

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Can the use of sunscreen prevent cutaneous melanoma? Can the use of sunscreen reduce the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)? Do multistrategy interventions increase intention to use sunscreens as a protective measure for reducing the risk of melanoma and non‐melanocytic skin cancers? Recommendations for future research Conclusions

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Search strategy Primary prevention Secondary preventionImplications for practice Conclusions

This thesis is based on research commissioned by the European Union to develop guidelines for evaluation for the Europe Against Cancer Programme. Field work was carried out in the UK, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands, and the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Both departments were health science and behavioural science orientated. The research started from the researcher's qualitative perspective. Discourse and textual analysis is used to analyse the 'grand plan' for health promotion, i.e. the World Health Organisation, Health For All (WHO HA) programme. Using an empirical model a systematic review of heath promotion evaluations and cancer prevention evaluations (over 700 studies in all) was carried out. The review looked at both empirical and qualitative studies. These were analysed using an internal validity test to assess whether recommendations were grounded in the data. Another tool, with a similar purpose, was developed for the qualitative studies. The research methodology and research tools were internally validated during the field work. Since this research is written to be read as though it were 'fiction' (i.e. story telling) it is important that the results are not revealed until the conclusion, 'the denouement'. Interviews were carried out with key leaders in the field of effectiveness and evaluation; six in the UK, six in Holland, six in Australia, one in France and one in Spain. These were analysed using discourse and textual analysis. A literature review was carried out in order to develop a consensus statement about evaluation practice. The European Cancer Leagues took part in a conference to decide how best to use the evidence collected in order to produce guidelines for Evaluation and Effectiveness of Cancer Prevention Programmes. The guidelines are complete and have been critically read and peer reviewed. The Health Education Authority are to publish this document, 'The Ways Forward for Evaluating Cancer Prevention Programmes' as part of their senses of systematic reviews.