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Young infants are known to prefer own-race faces to other race faces and recognize own-race faces better than other-race faces. However, it is entirely unclear as to whether infants also attend to different parts of own- and other-race faces differently, which may provide an important clue as to how and why the own-race face recognition advantage emerges so early. The present study used eye tracking methodology to investigate whether 6- to 10-month-old Caucasian infants (N = 37) have differential scanning patterns for dynamically displayed own- and other-race faces. We found that even though infants spent a similar amount of time looking at own- and other-race faces, with increased age, infants increasingly looked longer at the eyes of own-race faces and less at the mouths of own-race faces. These findings suggest experience-based tuning of the infant's face processing system to optimally process own-race faces that are different in physiognomy from other-race faces. In addition, the present results, taken together with recent own- and other-race eye tracking findings with infants and adults, provide strong support for an enculturation hypothesis that East Asians and Westerners may be socialized to scan faces differently due to each culture's conventions regarding mutual gaze during interpersonal communication.

Regulatory agencies are interested in a fecal indicator bacterium with a host range limited to humans because human fecal contamination represents the greatest hazard to humans, yet is a relatively easy nonpoint source to remedy. Watersheds with human fecal contamination could be given first priority for cleanup. A fecal indicator bacterium with a host range limited to humans and a few other warm‐blooded animal species would also simplify microbial source tracking because only a few animal species would be required for any host origin database. The literature suggests that the fecal indicator bacterium Enterococcus faecalis has a limited host range. On this basis, we selected this bacterium for study. Of 583 fecal streptococcal isolates obtained on Enterococcosel agar from Canada goose, cattle, deer, dog, human, chicken, and swine, 392 were considered presumptive enterococci and were subsequently speciated with the API 20 Strep system. Of these isolates, 22 were Ent. durans (5.6%), 61 were Ent. faecalis (15.6%), 98 were Ent. faecium (25.0%), 86 were Ent. gallinarum (21.9%), and 125 were unidentified (31.9%). The host range of the Ent. faecalis isolates was limited to dogs, humans, and chickens. Media were developed to isolate and identify Ent. faecalis quickly from fecal samples and this scheme eliminated Ent. faecalis isolates from dogs. When the remaining Ent. faecalis isolates were ribotyped, it was possible to differentiate clearly among the isolates from human and chicken. It may be that combining the potentially limited host range of Ent. faecalis with ribotyping is useful for prioritizing watersheds with fecal contamination.

Theories of sustainable architecture that address sexual difference are rare in an architectural context, whether in the United States or Europe, and this paper proposes a critical perspective on architectural design using sustainable schools as an example and adopting the question of sexual difference. Informed by the words of young people, the philosophy of Luce Irigaray, and research carried out as part of a research project, “Iowa’s New Schools: A Future Invested in Sustainability,” this paper examines contemporary approaches to sustainable school architecture. It addresses questions of lifestyle and behavior and architects’ aims to produce energy-efficient and sustainable architecture and build sustainable lives. Key to the problem of sustainable schools and education for sustainable development is the language of sustainability. Language connects a concern for methods with the perspectives of children and young people. In this paper, I argue that a philosophical reconsideration of relationality is the primary objective in the development of a sustainable built environment. I argue that building cannot start with master planning or conceptual design, and it is not simply about constructing ourselves in our communities, adopting predefined and encouraged “sustainable behaviors.” Rather, sustainable building ‒ sustainable architecture ‒ must start with social questions of difference. For Irigaray, this means cultivation of the relationship with the other who is sexuately different. This suggests radically new approaches to the question of sustainable architecture, to pedagogy, and to the building of new schools.

Dogs have been companions to humans for quite some time and, more recently, have gained traction in clinical settings. The current study aimed to gain a better understanding of therapists’ opinions about bringing dogs into therapeutic sessions. It also sought to understand the frequency with which therapists in the Washington, DC, Maryland, and Virginia tri-state area are asked to provide letters of support for emotional support animals (ESA) and their opinions of ESAs. A sample of 25 participants who were licensed mental health professionals in the tri-state area took a brief survey. Although age, primary theoretical orientation, and degree type were all entered into logistical regression, the only statistically significant factor was age. Exploratory findings revealed mixed opinions of incorporating dogs into therapy sessions and ESAs. Limitations to the study included a narrow sample size impacting generalizability, and future recommendations include expanding recruitment procedures. The current study may serve as preliminary evidence to build upon a large gap in the literature on the topics of therapist approval and assessment procedures for animal-assisted therapy and ESAs.

Preschool can be a vital component for nurturing development, especially programs that are high quality. High quality preschools can offer developmental support for all young children, but can be especially beneficial for children with risk factors or developmental delays that may hinder educational or social/emotional growth. Some children may be successful with or without preschool. However, children that may benefit from the experience of attending, sometimes do not attend. This is often due to parental views, experiences, or factors such as location or cost. Most research regarding preschool is quantitative. Furthermore, there is limited research regarding parents’ perceptions of preschool. Therefore, a basic qualitative method was chosen for this study. Data were collected by conducting one-on-one unstructured interviews with parents of preschoolers. The purpose of this study was to examine how parents make decisions about preschool. This study was guided by a central research question and 5 sub-questions. The central research question asked, “What are parents’ experiences with the decision-making process regarding preschools?” The first sub-question asked, “How important do parents perceive preschool to be?” The second sub-question asked, “What do parents believe are the characteristics of a high quality preschool?” The third sub-question asked, “How do parents’ perceptions of quality guide their decision in selecting a preschool?” The fourth sub-question asked “How do parents perceive the process of finding and enrolling their child in a preschool?” The final sub-question asked “What factors influence parents’ decision to enroll, or not enroll their child in preschool?” The findings of this study revealed that parents considered many options when contemplating enrolling their child in a preschool. Parents made choices by comparing their options and determining what was more important at the time even if it meant selecting a lower quality preschool. In addition, the findings were consistent with rational choice theory, which suggests that people make decisions based on the choices that are available to them and are the most important, or beneficial to them.

The present study examined whether infants aged 3 to 9 months displayed an adult-like left visual field bias when processing dynamic faces. In Experiment 1 infants aged 6 to 9 months viewed videos of dynamic face stimuli. Eye tracking data revealed that these infants showed a left visual field bias by attending significantly more to the right side of the faces. In Experiment 2 a younger group of infants, aged 3 to 6 months, failed to demonstrate a group left visual field bias. Instead, some infants displayed a consistent left visual field bias whereas others displayed a consistent right visual field bias. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first eye-tracking evidence to suggest the existence of a left visual field bias in infancy.

The question of dwelling, how, where, in what way and in what manner describes a crisis in many professional women's lives especially when living in pursuit of equality becomes dissatisfying and the demands of traditional stereotypes unappealing. Books such as Desiring Practices (1995) demonstrate the need for some sort of shared expression and community to resolve the career frustrations of working academics in traditionally male dominated environments. Documents such as Why Women Leave Practice? (2003) record what is seen as a very real difficulty for the Institution. The important aspect of Irigaray's work for these debates, however, is how she has already begun to unravel the problems women face in contemporary societies. For architects concerned with diversity, her work is an incitement to reformulate this question by thinking how we can positively approach sexual difference as the basis for approaching all other differences. For feminists, Irigaray's philosophy also presents the possibility of a practice (albeit a practice profoundly reconsidered) beyond a simple desire for equality with men but nevertheless, without denying the problem of a culture of discrimination within the profession. Furthermore, for theorists concerned with how we approach the other, the hidden, or the devalued within our discourses her work is motive to take further these theories towards a more radical poetic or artistic practice. The question of dwelling as a reconsideration of coexistence, co-habitation and co-belonging, as relation rethought, extends the problem of the intimate to address issues of the architectural.