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Some basic facts about tigers: where they live, what they eat (and how they get their food), and how they raise their young.

Oxygen delivery and demand are reduced in the paretic leg post-stroke, reflecting decreases of vascular function and reductions of muscle quantity and quality. It is unknown how muscle oxygenation is altered post-stroke and how it relates to functional ambulation. Skeletal muscle O2 saturation (SMO2) of the paretic and nonparetic legs of eleven post-stroke individuals were monitored with two near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices during rest, arterial occlusion, submaximal exercise and six-minute walk test (6MWT). Oxygen consumption (p=0.03) and microvascular responsiveness (p=0.04) were reduced in the paretic compared to the nonparetic leg. The exercise deoxygenation slope in the paretic leg was significantly steeper than the non-paretic leg (p=0.047) indicating a greater oxygen mismatch at the onset of exercise. Average 6MWT SMO2 of each leg was not significantly correlated with 6MWT distance. These impairments in the paretic leg may require strategies like prolonged warmups, resistance, or single leg training to improve muscle oxygenation.

Tally charts are an excellent way to organize, represent, and interpret data, a key skill in today's math classrooms. Readers will learn the components of a tally chart and how each is essential in understanding the information the chart holds. Entertaining topics, questions and answers, and a colorful design make this book a comprehensible companion to the mathematics curriculum. Step-by-Step Instructions, Quiz, Glossary, For Further Information Section, Index.

The thesis draws on historical and social policy perspectives to examine the factors influencing development and change in alcohol treatment policy between 1950 and 1990. The study uses data from primary and secondary documentation and from taped interviews. Three themes are highlighted as particularly relevant to an examination of policy trends. The first of these is the emergence and evolution of a `policy community'. Spearheaded by psychiatrists in the 1960s, the `policy community' broadened to include other professional groups and the voluntary sector by the 1990s. The second theme concerns the role of research in influencing the nature and direction of treatment policy. The study indicates increasing use of research as the rationale for policy and illustrates the move towards a `contractor' relationship between research workers and policy makers. The final theme deals with the influence on policy of ideological frames and changing conceptualisations of the alcohol problem. Two major shifts were important for treatment, the re-discovery of the disease concept of alcoholism in the 1950s and the emergence of a new public health model of alcohol problems in the 1970s. Within these broad themes, the study includes an examination of tensions - between different professional perspectives, between government departments with differing responsibilities, between different ideologies - and of moves to secure consensus in the formulation and implementation of treatment policy. The final chapter addresses shifts in thinking from the re-emergence of a `disease' model of alcoholism in the 1950s, to a `consumptionist' (population-based) model in the 1970s, towards a `harm reduction' approach to alcohol problems management in the 1990s. The thesis concludes that over the past forty years competing paradigms of the alcohol problem have emerged and gained policy salience within particular historical-social contexts in the search for policy consensus to manage the problematic aspects of alcohol consumption.

In this study the subjective experience of psycho-analytic essence is approached through an examination of conscious and unconscious representations of self-in-work (Dreyfus, 1991). The study begins with an heuristic identified as the psycho-analytic moment, a transitory self-state arising in the course of conducting a psycho-analysis and felt to correspond to occasions of right, expert, good or exemplary therapeutic practice. The study advances to an examination of the lived experience of clinical psycho-analysis through a set of structured and unstructured interviews with two psycho-analysts. The study's general approach incorporates a revised version of Goethe's delicate empiricism as adapted by Hoffman (1989). The methods for interviewing participants and for analyzing transcripts were designed to access unconscious communications regarding subjective experience. Interview procedures combined phenomenological and free-associative narrative techniques: Procedures for transcript analysis were developed from literary studies, psycholinguistics, psycho-analysis and grounded theory. The analysis of participants' utterance led to the hypothesis that an unconscious configuration of inference and memory gives shape to the subjective experience of composite elements of psycho-analytic practice. This hypothesized coherence of unconscious memory and process structures is identified as a structural metaphor. The structural metaphor is posited to underwrite the verisimilitude of lived experience, personal idiom and aesthetic within the clinical encounter. Thus, the structural metaphor is hypothesized to shape not only the psycho-analyst's representations of his or her way of being-in-work and linguistic deportment within the interview setting, but to also shape the subjective experience of psycho-analytic practice. Thus reconsidered, the psycho-analytic moment is viewed as an existential moment in the ongoing phenomenology of lived experience, occasioned by a convergence of unconscious identity and experience within the clinical field. This existential moment is taken to be indicative of the presence of something essential about self, work or self-in-work, as a result of a set of psychological, affective and visceral factors that arise in this moment of convergence. However, the psycho-analytic moment is assigned little epistemic value in identifying properties of psycho-analysis as a discipline or a practice, instead reflecting the structural metaphor that underlies the experience of that practice.

Progesterone administration has been shown to reduce the risk of preterm birth and neonatal morbidity in women at high risk, but there is uncertainty about longer term effects on the child. We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of vaginal progesterone, 200 mg daily taken from 22–24 to 34 weeks of gestation, on pregnancy and infant outcomes in women at risk of preterm birth (because of previous spontaneous birth at ≤34 weeks and 0 days of gestation, or a cervical length ≤25 mm, or because of a positive fetal fibronectin test combined with other clinical risk factors for preterm birth [any one of a history in a previous pregnancy of preterm birth, second trimester loss, preterm premature fetal membrane rupture, or a history of a cervical procedure to treat abnormal smears]). The objective of the study was to determine whether vaginal progesterone prophylaxis given to reduce the risk of preterm birth affects neonatal and childhood outcomes. We defined three primary outcomes: fetal death or birth before 34 weeks and 0 days gestation (obstetric), a composite of death, brain injury, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (neonatal), and a standardised cognitive score at 2 years of age (childhood), imputing values for deaths. Randomisation was done through a web portal, with participants, investigators, and others involved in giving the intervention, assessing outcomes, or analysing data masked to treatment allocation until the end of the study. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered at ISRCTN.com, number ISRCTN14568373. Between Feb 2, 2009, and April 12, 2013, we randomly assigned 1228 women to the placebo group (n=610) and the progesterone group (n=618). In the placebo group, data from 597, 587, and 439 women or babies were available for analysis of obstetric, neonatal, and childhood outcomes, respectively; in the progesterone group the corresponding numbers were 600, 589, and 430. After correction for multiple outcomes, progesterone had no significant effect on the primary obstetric outcome (odds ratio adjusted for multiple comparisons [OR] 0·86, 95% CI 0·61–1·22) or neonatal outcome (OR 0·72, 0·44–1·17), nor on the childhood outcome (cognitive score, progesterone group vs placebo group, 97·3 [SD 17·9] vs 97·7 [17·5]; difference in means –0·48, 95% CI –2·77 to 1·81). Maternal or child serious adverse events were reported in 70 (11%) of 610 patients in the placebo group and 59 (10%) of 616 patients in the progesterone group (p=0·27). Vaginal progesterone was not associated with reduced risk of preterm birth or composite neonatal adverse outcomes, and had no long-term benefit or harm on outcomes in children at 2 years of age. Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) Programme, a Medical Research Council (MRC) and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) partnership. The EME Programme is funded by the MRC and NIHR, with contributions from the Chief Scientist Office in Scotland and National Institute for Social Care and Research in Wales.

Shiv Sunder Das fell lbw, Rahul Dravid lost his middle stump, and then came the prized wicket of Sachin Tendulkar, who mistimed a pull to mid- on. The visitors further collapsed to 119 for 8 and faced the prospect of following on. But V V S Laxman remained unbeaten on 77 off 102 balls with 10 fours, sharing a stand of 63 with Anil Kumble. Laxman made an astonishing 281 against Australia in Kolkata in March to permit victory after following on for only the third time in Test history, but he is unlikely to repeat such heroics on the bouncier surfaces here.

The Jamaican flower bat Phyllonycteris aphylla is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is endemic to Jamaica and formerly known only from Stony Hill Cave, where there are an estimated c. 500 individuals. Previously declared extinct twice, its rediscovery in 2010 at Stony Hill Cave marked new hope for the conservation of this important species. Although little is known about its ecology, the species is presumed to be a cave-obligate rooster and to rely exclusively on so-called hot caves, which are defined by high ambient temperatures and low air quality. In March–April 2023, we surveyed bats at seven caves throughout Jamaica. At two of these, Green Grotto Caves, St. Ann, and Rock Spring Caverns, St. Mary, we captured both male and pregnant female P. aphylla. At Green Grotto Caves, we captured 24 P. aphylla, and 66 at Rock Spring Caverns. We believe Rock Spring Caverns to be one of the largest known roosts of P. aphylla. Neither of these sites are hot caves as both are moderated by flowing water, although warmer chambers may be more important to this bat than to other species. Further monitoring of these populations and continued exploration of other potential roosts are vital for the protection of this species.

The association of anaemia with maternal and perinatal mortality poses a significant public health threat. This challenge is often exacerbated among adolescent pregnant women in low and middle-income countries. However, the prevalence of this devastating condition and its causes among pregnant teenagers in Ghana remain unclear. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap about the causes of anaemia among adolescent pregnant women attending antenatal care services at Ussher Hospital in Accra. About 329 pregnant adolescents aged 13–19 receiving antenatal care services at Ussher Hospital within the period of June, 2023 to August, 2023 were recruited. Questionnaires were administered to the participants after informed consent had been taken to collect socio-demographic information. The laboratory result for the participants with respect to Haemoglobin (Hb) level and sickling status were recorded from their ANC book between the study period; June, 2023 to August, 2023. Data was presented in percentage in a tabular format. The findings revealed that 72% of pregnant adolescents were anaemic. About 5.8% had severe anaemia, while 43.1% and 23.1% had moderate and mild anaemia, respectively. Non-compliance with intake of iron and folate supplements and poor dietary practices due to financial constraints as well as genetic factors such as sickle cell disease were the primary causes of the high prevalence of anaemia recorded in this study. This study recommends nutritional education and counselling as well as interventions that promote access to healthcare and utilization of iron-folate supplements that promote nutritional balance and help to prevent anaemia especially during pregnancy.