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Herbal oil is a traditional oil used by people as medicine because the addition of some spices can increase the number of secondary metabolites and bioactivity. The study evaluates how different spice variation ratios and VCO affect phytochemical properties, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity in herbal oil. Herbal oil was made at 100ºC for 60 minutes using variations in the ratio of five total spices and VCO with weight per volume of 3:30 (formula A); 4:30 (formula B); 5:30 (formula C); 6:30 (formula D); and 7:30 (formula E). Phytochemical tests on VCO and herbal oil showed the addition of phenolic compounds in herbal oil. Physicochemical results showed a decrease in moisture content, free fatty acids, and peroxide value as the amount of spices added increased. Antioxidant activity test showed an increase in %inhibition with values of 15.774% (VCO); 30.009% (formula A); 30.054% (formula B); 30.099% (formula C); 30.863% (formula D); and 31.671% (formula E). The results showed that herbal oil with a formula E is the best with physicochemical properties: water content 0.009%; density 1.605 g/mL; pH 5.33; free fatty acids 0.005%; peroxide value 0.012 mEq/kg; and antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 167.277 ppm.

This study examines compliance behavior in the context of environmental tax policies, highlighting the essential role that these policies play in achieving the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Environmental taxes are crucial instruments for reducing environmental damage and increasing energy efficiency. Nevertheless, taxpayer compliance, which is impacted by several variables, including social acceptability, regulatory quality, and perceptions of fairness, is a key component of these policies’ efficacy. In contrast to earlier research, which frequently concentrated on certain kinds of tax or discrete policy mechanisms, this study takes a broad approach, looking at a range of environmental taxation instruments. Emerging trends, significant factors influencing compliance behavior, and noteworthy contributions from eminent authors and organizations are all identified via bibliometric and scientometric analyses. To create fair and effective environmental tax policies, interdisciplinary approaches and international collaboration are required. Along with presenting policies to improve environmental regulation compliance, this study offers insightful advice for businesses that can help them innovate toward sustainability and adjust to shifting policy. It also provides a solid theoretical base for future researchers by highlighting important areas that require more investigation, especially when it comes to the wider effects of environmental taxes on various industries.