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Fatal and non-fatal drowning is a significant public health issue, which disproportionately impacts children and young people. In Australia, the highest fatal and non-fatal drowning rates occur in children under five years of age. To date, little qualitative research has been conducted on non-fatal drowning, with causal factor analysis generally conducted using coronial and hospital data. This study’s aim was to identify causal factors in hospital treated cases of non-fatal drowning in children as qualitatively self-reported by parents and caregivers. Cases of unintentional child (0–16 years) non-fatal drowning admissions and Emergency Department presentations to three tertiary care paediatric hospitals in New South Wales, Australia were identified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding. Parents and caregivers of drowning patients were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Data were thematically coded using an inductive approach, with a focus on causal factors and recommendations for preventive approaches. Of 169 incidents, 86 parents/caregivers were interviewed. Children hospitalised for drowning were more often male (59.3%), aged 0–4 years (79.1%) and 30.2% were from household who spoke a language other than English. Qualitative incident descriptions were coded to five themes: lapse of supervision, unintended access (commonly in home swimming pools), brief immersion (usually young children bathing), falls into water and ongoing impacts. Drowning prevention recommendations were grouped under supervision, pool barriers and maintenance, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and emergency response, drowning is quick and silent, and learning swimming. Parents and caregivers of young children require ongoing education regarding supervision distractions and pool barrier compliance. Additional challenges are faced by those in rental properties with pools, parents/caregivers who cannot swim, and parents/caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Affordable, accessible, and culturally appropriate swimming lessons, water safety education and CPR training should be made more available for adult caregivers, particularly in languages other than English.

Fatal and non-fatal drowning is a significant public health issue, which disproportionately impacts children and young people. In Australia, the highest fatal and non-fatal drowning rates occur in children under five years of age. To date, little qualitative research has been conducted on non-fatal drowning, with causal factor analysis generally conducted using coronial and hospital data. This study's aim was to identify causal factors in hospital treated cases of non-fatal drowning in children as qualitatively self-reported by parents and caregivers. Cases of unintentional child (0-16 years) non-fatal drowning admissions and Emergency Department presentations to three tertiary care paediatric hospitals in New South Wales, Australia were identified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding. Parents and caregivers of drowning patients were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Data were thematically coded using an inductive approach, with a focus on causal factors and recommendations for preventive approaches. Of 169 incidents, 86 parents/caregivers were interviewed. Children hospitalised for drowning were more often male (59.3%), aged 0-4 years (79.1%) and 30.2% were from household who spoke a language other than English. Qualitative incident descriptions were coded to five themes: lapse of supervision, unintended access (commonly in home swimming pools), brief immersion (usually young children bathing), falls into water and ongoing impacts. Drowning prevention recommendations were grouped under supervision, pool barriers and maintenance, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and emergency response, drowning is quick and silent, and learning swimming. Parents and caregivers of young children require ongoing education regarding supervision distractions and pool barrier compliance. Additional challenges are faced by those in rental properties with pools, parents/caregivers who cannot swim, and parents/caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Affordable, accessible, and culturally appropriate swimming lessons, water safety education and CPR training should be made more available for adult caregivers, particularly in languages other than English.

Sand samples from the intertidal zone of five marine sand beaches of the Florida Gulf coast and two beaches in the Bahamas were positive without exception for species of Azotobacter. If nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter occurs in marine sand beaches, as these observations suggest, this process may contribute significantly to the basic productivity of the interstitial unicellular flora and to that of the benthic algae and seagrasses adjacent to sea beaches.

In this dissertation, I will examine Ivan Turgenev's translations of N. V. Gogol's and A. S. Pushkin's works from Russian into French and discuss what makes these translations distinctive relative to existing publications. In this context, I will demonstrate Turgenev's role in introducing Russian literature to the French through these translations. Although much has been written about Turgenev the writer, his work as a translator of Russian works into French has not been studied. There were few Russian works available in French before Turgenev began his collaborative work in translation, and those that were available were not considered credible. Ivan Turgenev first met the French impresario, Louis Viardot, and his wife, the opera singer, Pauline Garcia-Viardot, in St. Petersburg during the 1843 opera season. At that time in France, little was known about Russia or Russian literature, and Turgenev and Louis Viardot began their lifelong collaboration translating Russian literature for publication in France. During this time also, Turgenev's relationship to Pauline Garcia-Viardot became close. Eventually, because of his enduring love for her, Turgenev chose to live most of his life abroad to be near her, mainly in France. He thus became a well known Russian writer and critic in French literary circles. Turgenev was a stern critic of French translations of Russian works and worked tirelessly himself in collaboration with Louis Viardot and Prosper Merimee to render both his own, and those works of Gogol, Pushkin, and others into translations that were credible and faithful. In this context, I will discuss Ivan Turgenev's role in introducing a literary tradition established for a generation in Russia into French literary circles, where Gustave Flaubert and other younger writers such as Emile Zola and Guy de Maupassant were inspired by Turgenev. It was through him that they learned about trends in Russian literature, and about Russian writers. It was through Turgenev's translations that credible Russian works became available in France, and characteristics of Russian realism were inherited by new generations of young writers. It was through the many articles and translations that he and Louis Viardot, Prosper Merimee, and other collaborators published in France that later writers, such as the Naturalists, and early 20th century writers such as Andre Gide developed an appreciation for Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky.

The recent discovery of thousands of planets outside our Solar System raises fundamental questions about the variety of planetary types and their corresponding interior structures and dynamics. To better understand these objects, there is a strong need to constrain material properties at the extreme pressures found within planetary interiors 1 , 2 . Here we used high-powered lasers at the National Ignition Facility to ramp compress iron over nanosecond timescales to 1.4 TPa (14 million atmospheres)—a pressure four times higher than for previous static compression data. A Lagrangian sound-speed analysis was used to determine pressure, density and sound speed along a continuous isentropic compression path. Our peak pressures are comparable to those predicted at the centre of a terrestrial-type exoplanet of three to four Earth masses 3 , representing the first absolute equation of state measurements for iron at such conditions. These results provide an experiment-based mass–radius relationship for a hypothetical pure iron planet that can be used to evaluate plausible compositional space for large, rocky exoplanets. Iron has been ramp compressed to the pressures it would experience in the core of a 3–4 Earth-mass terrestrial exoplanet, providing experimental constraints on the mass–radius relationship for a hypothetical pure iron planet.

Environmental adaptation and species divergence often involve suites of co‐evolving traits. Pigmentation in insects presents a variable, adaptive, and well‐characterized class of phenotypes for which correlations with multiple other traits have been demonstrated. In Drosophila, the pigmentation genes ebony and tan have pleiotropic effects on flies' response to light, creating the potential for correlated evolution of pigmentation and vision. Here, we investigate differences in light preference within and between two sister species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana, which differ in pigmentation in part because of evolution at ebony and tan and occupy environments that differ in many variables including solar radiation. We hypothesized that lighter pigmentation would be correlated with a greater preference for environmental light and tested this hypothesis using a habitat choice experiment. In a first set of experiments, using males of D. novamexicana line N14 and D. americana line A00, the light‐bodied D. novamexicana was found slightly but significantly more often than D. americana in the light habitat. A second experiment, which included additional lines and females as well as males, failed to find any significant difference between D. novamexicana‐N14 and D. americana‐A00. Additionally, the other dark line of D. americana (A04) was found in the light habitat more often than the light‐bodied D. novamexicana‐N14, in contrast to our predictions. However, the lightest line of D. americana, A01, was found substantially and significantly more often in the light habitat than the two darker lines of D. americana, thus providing partial support for our hypothesis. Finally, across all four lines, females were found more often in the light habitat than their more darkly pigmented male counterparts. Additional replication is needed to corroborate these findings and evaluate conflicting results, with the consistent effect of sex within and between species providing an especially intriguing avenue for further research. Light preference was examined in the light‐bodied Drosophila novamexicana and in three lines of the dark‐bodied Drosophila americana. In both species, female flies are more lightly pigmented than male flies and also show a stronger tendency to select a more brightly lit habitat. Patterns of habitat choice within and between species were mixed, but showed some trends of lighter bodied flies preferring more brightly lit habitats.

In the version of this Letter originally published, in the Acknowledgements, the surname of M. Herrmann was misspelt as ‘Hermann’. This has now been corrected.