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ObjectiveVaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) confers protection from subsequent infection through immunological memory that is traditionally considered the domain of the adaptive immune system. This view has been challenged following the identification of antigen-specific memory natural killer cells (mNKs) in mice and non-human primates. While the presence of mNKs has been suggested in humans based on the expansion of NK cells following pathogen exposure, evidence regarding antigen-specificity is lacking. Here, we demonstrate the existence of HBV-specific mNKs in humans after vaccination and in chronic HBV infection.DesignNK cell responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA following challenge with HBV antigens in HBV vaccinated, non-vaccinated and chronic HBV-infected individuals.ResultsNK cells from vaccinated subjects demonstrated higher cytotoxic and proliferative responses against autologous hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) compared with unvaccinated subjects. Moreover, NK cell lysis of HBsAg-pulsed moDCs was significantly higher than that of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)-pulsed moDCs (non-vaccine antigen) or tumour necrosis factor α-activated moDCs in a NKG2D-dependent manner. The mNKs response was mediated by CD56dim NK cells coexpressing CD57, CD69 and KLRG1. Further, mNKs from chronic hepatitis B patients exhibited greater degranulation against HBcAg-pulsed moDCs compared with unvaccinated or vaccinated patients. Notably, mNK activity was negatively correlated with HBV DNA levels.ConclusionsOur data support the presence of a mature mNKs following HBV antigen exposure either through vaccination or infection. Harnessing these antigen specific, functionally active mNKs provides an opportunity to develop novel treatments targeting HBV in chronic infection.

Lambda interferons (IFN-λs) are a major component of the innate immune defense to viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In human liver, IFN-λ not only drives antiviral responses, but also promotes inflammation and fibrosis in viral and non-viral diseases. Here we demonstrate that macrophages are primary responders to IFN-λ, uniquely positioned to bridge the gap between IFN-λ producing cells and lymphocyte populations that are not intrinsically responsive to IFN-λ. While CD14 monocytes do not express the IFN-λ receptor, IFNLR1, sensitivity is quickly gained upon differentiation to macrophages . IFN-λ stimulates macrophage cytotoxicity and phagocytosis as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon stimulated genes that mediate immune cell chemotaxis and effector functions. In particular, IFN-λ induced CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokines, stimulating T and NK cell migration, as well as subsequent NK cell cytotoxicity. Using immunofluorescence and cell sorting techniques, we confirmed that human liver macrophages expressing CD14 and CD68 are highly responsive to IFN-λ . Together, these data highlight a novel role for macrophages in shaping IFN-λ dependent immune responses both directly through pro-inflammatory activity and indirectly by recruiting and activating IFN-λ unresponsive lymphocytes.

Background: The spectrum of dengue infection ranges from asymptomatic or mild to severe disease. The pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. A viral infection can induce the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and the excessive NETs lead to increased vascular permeability, coagulopathy, and platelet dysfunction, a hallmark of severe dengue. Methods: To evaluate the association of NETs formation with disease severity using a human public transcriptomic dataset (GSE17924) and clinical samples from dengue patients with different disease severity.  Results: Based on the transcriptomic analysis, the whole blood gene expression functional in neutrophil activities and NETs formation was upregulated with dengue disease severity. The serum concentration of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), a NETs marker, was measured in 28 dengue patients, of whom 18 classified as dengue fever (DF) and 10 as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) grade 1 and 2. A significantly higher CitH3 concentration was found in DHF com­pared to DF patients. The level of CitH3 was negatively correlated with platelet counts. Conclusion: Our results suggest NETs have contributed to the disease severity of dengue infection. Future studies on the predictive value of NETs markers and the potential NETs as a targeted therapy in dengue disease should be priori­tized

Children is the next generation of a nation and state. Therefore, it is necessary for them to get special protection both physically, mentally and socially. In order to realize the fulfillment of the children’s rights. Legal Protection under Article 1 Sub-Article 2 of Law Number 35 of 2014 is all activities to guarantee, protect children and their right to live, grow, develop and participate optimally in accordance with human dignity and protection from violence and discrimination. One of the violence experienced by underage children is sexual crime victims. As for the issue: How is protection given to the law of children who are the victim of sexual crime? This study is Normative and uses secondary data, and analyzed qualitatively and is descriptive with approach refers to legislation such as Law No. 35 of 2014 jo Law No. 23 of 2002, Act NO. 17 of 2016, Law No. 39 of 1997. Results of legal protection research on children under the age of victims of crime in accordance with Article 59 paragraph 2 and Article 66 of Law No. 35 of 2014, and severe criminal sanctions on Law no. 17 year 2016, while prevention there should be cooperation between all parties KPAI, Government, Family and Society.

Patients with protein S (PS) deficiency possibly have a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 disease. Therefore, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infections is recommended for PS-deficient patients. However, there are limited data regarding the safety and immunogenicity of the currently available COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in PS-deficient patients. We report a case of monitoring the antibody response of a 40-year-old female diagnosed with PS deficiency and on warfarin treatment following a single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Antibody against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (anti-S) was measured on days 7, 14, and 21 after vaccination. Seroconversion was detected on day 21 but was possibly lower than the anti-S level previously reported in healthy individuals after receiving the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. There were no local and systemic events reported up to 7 days in this patient after vaccination. This case highlights that the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine had a favourable safety profile, and the second dose of the vaccine is required to provide the optimal protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in PS-deficient patients.

We describe five healthcare workers (HCWs) with a recurrence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection at Siloam Teaching Hospital, Indonesia. All cases involved nurses, with an average age of 27 years. The RT-PCR assay confirmed the first and second infection episodes. All cases showed negative RT-PCR results in the period between two infection episodes. The median interval time between two infection episodes was 123 days, ranging from 92 to 158 days. The clinical outcomes for all cases were favourable, with no mortality observed among study cases. Further studies will be required to understand the true nature of this phenomenon.

The presented cases describe the concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among eight healthcare workers (HCWs). These cases highlighted the importance of broad hospital screening during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Further study regarding the durability of antibody response induced by infection and first-dose vaccination is required to determine the appropriate time for giving a second dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among these cases.

Patients with blood cancer have fewer antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination — but recent work shows that these antibodies seem to bind to viral spike protein more strongly than those in matched controls. In addition, another study finds that convalescent or vaccinee plasma might improve COVID-19 outcomes in those with blood cancer.

This study was conducted to improve the egg yolk puff (EYP) formulation by substituting butter (B) for lard (L) and investigated the effects of different storage conditions (−18°C, 7°C, and 25°C) on the physicochemical and sensory properties during shelf life (10 days). This study showed that refrigeration and freezing effectively mitigate the oxidation of oils in EYP. The acid value (AV) of EYP remained satisfactory after 10 days of storage, and the panelists also favored it in the sensory evaluation. Unfortunately, the texture profiles of the stored EYPs exhibited a significant decrease compared to the control group ( p < 0.05), encompassing reduced hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. This study also employed principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to analyze the data, revealing that refrigeration contributed significantly to preserving EYP flavor and closely approximated the control group. In contrast, cryopreservation positively influenced various sensory attributes, including appearance, flavor, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability of EYP. This implies that refrigeration and freezing techniques can effectively prolong the shelf life of EYP, thereby mitigating financial losses, reducing food waste, and minimizing potential health risks associated with foodborne illnesses. Moreover, the findings of this study will contribute to the global recognition and appreciation of this exquisite pastry, thus facilitating a comprehensive understanding and enjoyment of EYP worldwide.