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A comprehensive resourceto designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts. The first begins with a historical perspective of microwave photonics, listing the advantages of fiber optic links and delineating analog vs. digital links. The second section covers basic principles associated with microwave photonics in both the RF and optical domains. The third focuses on analog modulation formats—starting with a concept, deriving the RF performance metrics from basic physical models, and then analyzing issues specific to each format. The final part examines applications of microwave photonics, including analog receive-mode systems, high-power photodiodes applications, radio astronomy, and arbitrary waveform generation. * Covers fundamental concepts including basic treatments of noise, sources of distortion and propagation effects * Provides design equations in easy-to-use forms as quick reference * Examines analog photonic link architectures along with their application to RF systems A thorough treatment of microwave photonics, Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics will be an essential resource in the laboratory, field, or during design meetings. The authors have more than 55 years of combined professional experience in microwave photonics and have published more than 250 associated works.

Federally funded research in Canada is of significant scope and scale. The implications of research in the colonial project has resulted in a fraught relationship between Indigenous Peoples and Western research. Research governance, as an aspect of public administration, is evolving. The relationality inherent in new public governance (NPG)—a nascent public governance regime—may align with Indigenous relationality concepts. Recent societal advances, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the Truth and Reconcilliation Commission of Canada (TRC), and the Indigenous Institutes Act in Ontario, provide further impetus for Indigenous self-determination in multiple domains including research. This article advocates for Indigenous research sovereignty and concludes with suggestions for ways in which federal funding agencies, specifically the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), could contribute to the advancement of Indigenous research sovereignty.

Consistently at Superfund and other contaminated terrestrial sites, ecological receptors have been chemically exposed for multiple decades by the time risk assessments are conducted. Given that numerous generations of the receptors have lived through the contaminated site condition by the present day, a paradigm shift from risk assessment, where the potential for health effects are forecasted, to a direct, health status assessment scheme for the site-exposed receptor, would seem to be most appropriate. We applied the only such existing direct health status assessment method, Rodent Sperm Analysis (RSA), with small rodents trapped at contaminated sites and at matched noncontaminated reference locations. Reproductive health, ecological risk assessment's endpoint of greatest concern, is targeted with RSA by comparing the sperm parameters of count, motility, and morphology, for each of which it is known how much of a change from a control condition signifies compromised reproductive capability. Given that sperm parameter thresholds were not exceeded in maximally exposed receptors, the data suggest that in the general case, contaminated terrestrial sites do not need cleanups to afford health protection to ecological species, and particularly the larger, wider-ranging, higher trophic level species. Our findings suggest that RSA has the ability to consistently discriminate between clean and contaminated sites, and that the method can allow for as definitive determinations of terrestrial ecological receptor health as are possible, thereby facilitating early site clean-up decisions.

This chapter provides an analysis of an external intensity modulation direct‐detection (IMDD) link employing a Mach‐Zehnder modulator (MZM). It provides a largely qualitative description of these links with the intention to provide some intuition into their operation. The analysis focuses on a mathematical description of the relevant link performance metrics, and supporting experimental data are shown. Equations are presented in linear and decibel form, where the latter facilitates compact equations for link design and analysis. The chapter reviews schemes to linearize the modulation transfer function. Finally, it concludes with an analysis of propagation effects that builds on the material. The three core components to the IMDD links under consideration are a laser, a MZM, and a photodetector. The shot noise limit is an important operation condition for an IMDD link employing an external MZM.

This chapter provides a discussion of signal distortion and highlights some common sources of distortion. A transfer function that might resemble direct laser intensity modulation was used as an example for the origin of distortion in an analog signal. Optical components that have a frequency‐dependent amplitude transfer functions over the range of the RF modulation can therefore disrupt the output signal fidelity. Numerous optical components can exhibit such a response, such as filters and amplifiers that may exhibit significant gain slope or ripple over their bandwidth. An optical amplifier will exhibit a low‐pass filter response to gain modulation with a characteristic cutoff frequency that corresponds to the response time of the medium. Distortion in photodetectors is important for high‐SFDR photonic links. The chapter highlights the importance of high linearity photodetectors in photonic links, especially those that operate at high average photocurrents.

This chapter defines the most important performance parameters for analog systems. It begins with a simple analysis of linear two‐port networks using a scattering matrix, from which the small‐signal radio‐frequency (RF) gain is defined. The standard metric for quantifying the performance of a noisy RF component or system, the noise figure, is then defined including a brief discussion of thermal noise. A Taylor series analysis is conducted for a single sinusoidal drive and a two‐tone sinusoidal signal in order to describe the nonlinearity of a RF component or system in a standard manner. A single‐tone signal is used to define the compression dynamic range (CDR), whereas the analysis of a two‐tone drive introduces the spurious‐free dynamic range (SFDR). Finally, the chapter is concluded with a prescription on how to cascade the individual performance metrics in a chain of stages to facilitate system analysis.

This present chapter is devoted to the description of the noise processes relevant to microwave photonics, therefore spanning electrical and optical domains. It provides a focused treatment of the topic as it pertains to microwave photonics. The treatment in the chapter begins with an introduction to basic noise concepts and how they are tied to the RF performance. Individual noise components are then treated separately starting with fundamental sources: thermal and shot noise. Additional noise arising from basic components in a fiber optic link is analyzed including excess noise from lasers, optical amplifiers, and photodiodes. The chapter discusses the concept of thermal noise in order to define the RF noise factor. Optical amplifiers are often used in microwave photonic links. They can be employed in short and long links alike to increase or maintain signal power. The chapter describes the treatment of excess amplitude noise due to the ionization process.

This chapter exposes the reader to some of the application opportunities of the microwave photonics. Wide bandwidth and frequency‐independent low propagation loss are major advantages of photonics, particularly at high frequencies and/or long lengths. An extremely powerful tool afforded by microwave photonics is a fiber optic delay line (FODL). Signal processing is a term that encompasses a multitude of methods and applications, particularly in the context of microwave photonics. The chapter provides an overview of four particular functions afforded by microwave photonics: wide band channelization of a radio‐frequency (RF) environment, instantaneous measurement of the frequency from a single RF emitter, downconversion, and phased‐array beamforming. Microwave photonics affords numerous unique methods to generate RF signals for applications such as metrology, radar, local oscillators for electronic support systems, and clocks for analog‐to‐digital conversion. Finally, the chapter describes two applications: wireless links and radio astronomy.

Coherent techniques for phase demodulation include utilization of optical local oscillators.The use of an Mach‐Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in a phase‐modulated link complicates the treatment of laser noise. Linearization techniques for phase modulation employing multiple MZIs can be analogous to methods employing multiple Mach‐Zehnder modulators (MZMs). A phase‐modulated link can be linearized by employing two MZIs with unmatched differential delays. This chapter focuses on optical phase modulation that is converted to intensity modulation via an MZI for detection with a photodiode. Such interferometric approaches were among the first techniques demonstrated for decoding information contained in the phase of optical fields. Higher order finite impulse response (FIR) filters can provide a more linear response than a single MZI, such as a serial cascade of MZIs. The RF signal can be linearly reconstructed by digitizing and processing the in‐phase and quadrature photocurrents.

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the impact of propagation effects on an analog signal impressed on an optical carrier in fiber. The effects studied in the chapter range from linear scattering mechanisms to relatively complicated nonlinear processes. The chapter analyzes the linear Rayleigh scattering, particularly in the context of double Rayleigh scattering (DRS) events that can cause multiple‐path interference (MPI) in fiber links. The RF phase stability can be important in microwave photonic links, particularly in multichannel applications intended to maintain the relative RF phase of each channel. The frequency dependence of the index of refraction in fiber gives rise to chromatic dispersion (CD). The chapter discusses the difference between the two modal refractive indices‐the birefringence‐changes randomly in the fiber leading to polarization mode dispersion (PMD). It also discusses two nonlinear and inelastic scattering processes, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).