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An accurate estimate of a capital expenditure (CAPEX) is foundational to timely and profitable implementation of a new or proven technology. In industries ranging from renewable energy production and petroleum refining to semiconductor and consumer product manufacturing, detailed cost estimating methodologies can be used to quantify the cost of design and construction operations, as well as the overall investment. Capital cost estimates are designated by phases that progress until the technology is commercialized.

The Williams discuss that early-stage capital cost estimates are critical to determining the financial feasibility of a project. Thoughtful decisions about capital investment expenditures (CAPEX) can ensure the success of operations and the ability to reliably supply products to customers. In industries such as renewable energy production, petroleum refining, semiconductor manufacturing, and consumer product manufacturing, early-stage cost estimation enables selection of profitable investment opportunities. The author defines five types of capital cost estimates, but focuses on early-stage cost correlations, and unit cost estimates.

According to historians, Rosenwald was raised by spiritual guidelines that included the Ten Commandments and other faith-driven rules that emphasized the importance of life in community.

Foodborne illnesses occur in both industrialized and developing countries, and may be increasing due to rapidly evolving food production practices. Yet some primary tools used to assess food safety are decades, if not centuries, old. To improve the time to result for food safety assessment a sensitive flow cytometer based system to detect microbial contamination was developed. By eliminating background fluorescence and improving signal to noise the assays accurately measure bacterial load or specifically identify pathogens. These assays provide results in minutes or, if sensitivity to one cell in a complex matrix is required, after several hours enrichment. Conventional assessments of food safety require 48 to 56 hours. The assays described within are linear over 5 orders of magnitude with results identical to culture plates, and report live and dead microorganisms. This system offers a powerful approach to real-time assessment of food safety, useful for industry self-monitoring and regulatory inspection.

Massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies are revolutionizing genomics by making it possible to generate billions of relatively short (approximately 100-base) sequence reads at very low cost. Whereas such data can be readily used for a wide range of biomedical applications, it has proven difficult to use them to generate high-quality de novo genome assemblies of large, repeat-rich vertebrate genomes. To date, the genome assemblies generated from such data have fallen far short of those obtained with the older (but much more expensive) capillary-based sequencing approach. Here, we report the development of an algorithm for genome assembly, ALLPATHS-LG, and its application to massively parallel DNA sequence data from the human and mouse genomes, generated on the Illumina platform. The resulting draft genome assemblies have good accuracy, short-range contiguity, long-range connectivity, and coverage of the genome. In particular, the base accuracy is high (≥99.95%) and the scaffold sizes (N50 size = 11.5 Mb for human and 7.2 Mb for mouse) approach those obtained with capillary-based sequencing. The combination of improved sequencing technology and improved computational methods should now make it possible to increase dramatically the de novo sequencing of large genomes. The ALLPATHS-LG program is available at http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/programs/genome-biology/crd.

Studies on bird behavior have benefited from the miniaturization of tracking devices and the opportunities for massive data collection facilitated by extensive satellite and cellular infrastructures. However, assessments of the effects of tracking devices on the behavior and survival of birds are rarely conducted and disseminated – raising animal welfare concerns, risking project failure, and hindering optimization of tracking methods within the ornithological community. We quantified the effects of tracking devices on banded dotterels Anarhynchus bicinctus – a threatened, small‐bodied (median 59 g), partially migratory shorebird native to New Zealand and a priority for conservation planning on Austral flyways. We deployed ten 1.2‐g archival GPS loggers and ten 1.8‐ to 2‐g Argos satellite transmitters on breeding dotterels in Kaikōura, New Zealand. Including leg rings and silicone‐tubing leg‐loop harness, deployments constituted 2.7–4.3% of an average individual's mass (or 1.9–3.4% for the device alone). Both tracking devices documented the curiously mixed winter strategies characteristic of banded dotterels: migrants flew north to the upper North Island or south to the Canterbury Plains, while other individuals stayed resident in Kaikōura. Compared to a control group of 74 dotterels without tracking devices, neither technology had adverse effects on subsequent breeding outcomes, annual apparent survival, behavior, or body condition, but Argos satellite trackers provided data over a longer period than archival GPS loggers. One possible reason for the absence of adverse effects could be that banded dotterels (and other Charadriinae species) primarily rely on ground‐based locomotion, characterized mainly by walking and running – movements that are less hindered by the added mass of auxiliary attachments. Our findings support the ‘3% rule' (i.e. using device weight alone as a guideline), but we suggest that deployment limits of tracking devices could be refined by considering both the species' ability to carry additional weight and its primary mode of locomotion.

Communication breakdowns and care coordination problems often cause preventable adverse patient care events, which can be especially acute in the trauma setting, in which ad hoc teams have little time for advanced planning. Existing teamwork curricula do not address the particular issues associated with ad hoc emergency teams providing trauma care. Ad hoc trauma teams completed a preinstruction simulated trauma encounter and were provided with instruction on appropriate team behaviors and team communication. Teams completed a postinstruction simulated trauma encounter immediately afterward and 3 weeks later, then completed a questionnaire. Blinded raters rated videotapes of the simulations. Participants expressed high levels of satisfaction and intent to change practice after the intervention. Participants changed teamwork and communication behavior on the posttest, and changes were sustained after a 3-week interval, though there was some loss of retention. Brief training exercises can change teamwork and communication behaviors on ad hoc trauma teams.

Standard methods to detect Escherichia coli contamination in food use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agar culture plates. These methods require multiple incubation steps and take a long time to results. An improved rapid flow-cytometry based detection method was developed, using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe specifically binding a16S rRNA sequence. The method positively detected 51 E. coli isolates as well as 4 Shigella species. All 27 non-E. coli strains tested gave negative results. Comparison of the new genetic assay with a total plate count (TPC) assay and agar plate counting indicated similar sensitivity, agreement between cytometry cell and colony counts. This method can detect a small number of E.coli cells in the presence of large numbers of other bacteria. This method can be used for rapid, economical, and stable detection of E. coli and Shigella contamination in the food industry and other contexts.

The Southern Ocean is disproportionately important in its effect on the Earth system, impacting climatic, biogeochemical and ecological systems, which makes recent observed changes to this system cause for global concern. The enhanced understanding and improvements in predictive skill needed for understanding and projecting future states of the Southern Ocean require sustained observations. Over the last decade, the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) has established networks for enhancing regional coordination and research community groups to advance development of observing system capabilities. These networks support delivery of the SOOS 20-year vision, which is to develop a circumpolar system that ensures time series of key variables, and deliver the greatest impact from data to all key end-users. Although the Southern Ocean remains one of the least-observed ocean regions, enhanced international coordination and advances in autonomous platforms have resulted in progress towards addressing the need for sustained observations of this region. Since 2009, the Southern Ocean community has deployed over 5700 observational platforms south of 40°S. Large-scale, multi-year or sustained, multidisciplinary efforts have been supported and are now delivering observations of essential variables at space and time scales that enable assessment of changes being observed in Southern Ocean systems. The improved observational coverage, however, is predominantly for the open ocean, encompasses the summer, consists of primarily physical oceanographic variables and covers surface to 2000 m. Significant gaps remain in observations of the ice-impacted ocean, the sea ice, depths more than 2000 m, the air-sea-ice interface, biogeochemical and biological variables, and for seasons other than summer. Addressing these data gaps in a sustained way requires parallel advances in coordination networks, cyberinfrastructure and data management tools, observational platform and sensor technology, platform interrogation and data-transmission technologies, modeling frameworks, and internationally agreed sampling requirements of key variables. This paper presents a community statement on the major scientific and observational progress of the last decade, and importantly, an assessment of key priorities for the coming decade, towards achieving the SOOS vision and delivering essential data to all end users.