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Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand
In New Zealand, rapid, science-based risk assessment linked to early, decisive government action was critical to containing Covid-19. The country is now in the postelimination stage, which comes with its own uncertainties.
Journal Article
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Plain and timid Beauty Cookson is teased by popular girls at school, but even worse are the unrelenting criticism and rage from her bad-tempered father, until the day her sweet mother discovers a way out.
Book
Case-Fatality Risk Estimates for COVID-19 Calculated by Using a Lag Time for Fatality
We estimated the case-fatality risk for coronavirus disease cases in China (3.5%); China, excluding Hubei Province (0.8%); 82 countries, territories, and areas (4.2%); and on a cruise ship (0.6%). Lower estimates might be closest to the true value, but a broad range of 0.25%-3.0% probably should be considered.
Journal Article
Hetty Feather
It's London, 1876 and Hetty Feather is just a tiny baby when her mother leaves her at the Foundling Hospital. The Hospital cares for abandoned children - but Hetty must first live with a foster family until she is big enough to go to school. Life in the countryside is hard but with her 'brothers' Jem and Gideon, she helps in the fields and plays imaginary games. Together they sneak off to visit the travelling circus and Hetty is mesmerised by the show, especially Madame Adeline and her performing horses. But Hetty's happiness is threatened once more when she is returned to the Foundling Hospital. The new life of awful uniforms and terrible food is a struggle for her. But now she has the chance to find her real mother.
Book
Direct observation and impact of co-segregated atoms in magnesium having multiple alloying elements
Modern engineering alloys contain multiple alloying elements, but their direct observation when segregated at the atomic scale is challenging because segregation is susceptible to electron beam damage. This is very severe for magnesium alloys, especially when solute atoms segregate to form single atomic columns. Here we show that we can image segregation in magnesium alloys with atomic-resolution X-ray dispersive spectroscopy at a much lower electron voltage. We report a co-segregation pattern at twin boundaries in a magnesium alloy with both larger and smaller solutes forming alternating columns that fully occupy the twin boundary, in contrast to previous observations of half occupancy where mixed-solute columns alternate with magnesium. We further show that the solute co-segregation affects the twin migration mechanism and increases the twin boundary pinning. Our work demonstrates that the atomic-scale analysis of the structure and chemistry of solute segregation in metallic alloys with complex compositions is now possible.
Commercial alloys contain trace solutes that segregate at grain boundaries but have been difficult to directly image due to electron beam damage. Here, the authors use atomic-resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at lower electron voltage to image segregation at magnesium alloy twin boundaries.
Journal Article
Potential impact of COVID-19 related unemployment on increased cardiovascular disease in a high-income country: Modeling health loss, cost and equity
Aims to quantify potential health loss, health cost burden, and health inequities among people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to additional unemployment caused by COVID-19 pandemic-related economic disruption in New Zealand. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Journal Article
Unusual solute segregation phenomenon in coherent twin boundaries
Interface segregation of solute atoms has a profound effect on properties of engineering alloys. The occurrence of solute segregation in coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) in Mg alloys is commonly considered to be induced by atomic size effect where solute atoms larger than Mg take extension sites and those smaller ones take compression sites in CTBs. Here we report an unusual solute segregation phenomenon in a group of Mg alloys—solute atoms larger than Mg unexpectedly segregate to compression sites of {10
1
¯
1} fully coherent twin boundary and do not segregate to the extension or compression site of {10
1
¯
2} fully coherent twin boundary. We propose that such segregation is dominated by chemical bonding (coordination and solute electronic configuration) rather than elastic strain minimization. We further demonstrate that the chemical bonding factor can also predict the solute segregation phenomena reported previously. Our findings advance the atomic-level understanding of the role of electronic structure in solute segregation in fully coherent twin boundaries, and more broadly grain boundaries, in Mg alloys. They are likely to provide insights into interface boundaries in other metals and alloys of different structures.
Segregation of solute atoms at interfaces affects the properties of alloys and needs to be understood to allow their rational design. Here the authors report an unusual solute segregation phenomenon in a group of Mg alloys, driven by chemical bonding, where solute atoms larger than Mg segregate to compression sites of specific fully coherent twin boundary.
Journal Article