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As word spreads that Logan may have returned from the grave, Sabretooth, Daken, and Lady Deathstrike come together to track him down and put him back there, but the nightmare they uncover could be more than even these vicious killers can handle.

Introduction. This study aimed to validate the Hong Kong version of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HK-KOOS) for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods. Content validity was assessed using the Item and Scale Content Validity Index (I-CVI and S-CVI). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha. Dimensionality was assessed by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and Divergent Validity was performed by examining the correlation between the HK-KOOS and the Chinese version of the Short Form 12 (SF-12) Health Survey, the Chinese Modified Barthel Index (C-MBI), and the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain). Ceiling and floor effects were also examined. Results. A total of 125 participants were recruited in this study. In general, all instructions, items, and response options were considered as understandable, indicating a satisfactory cross-cultural adaptation. The I-CVI and S-CVI scores were 0.80-1 and 0.90-1, respectively, indicating excellent content validity in terms of relevance, representativeness, and understandability. The test-retest reliability of all HK-KOOS subscales was satisfactory with ICC exceeding 0.70 for all domains. Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.80 for all subscales, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Medium to strong correlations were found between the HK-KOOS and the VAS-Pain, SF-12, and C-MBI. However, factor analysis indicated a seven-factor structure, rather than the original five-factor structure. Items on pain and activities of daily living were loaded in the same factors. A floor effect was present in the sports and recreation subscale. Discussion and Conclusions. Future studies should further examine the dimensionality of the KOOS. The HK-KOOS is a culturally adapted, reliable, and valid outcome measure instrument to be used in Hong Kong patients with primary knee osteoarthritis.

Introduction. This study aimed to validate the Hong Kong version of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HKKOOS) for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods. Content validity was assessed using the Item and Scale Content Validity Index (I-CVI and S-CVI). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha. Dimensionality was assessed by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent and Divergent Validity was performed by examining the correlation between the HK-KOOS and the Chinese version of the Short Form 12 (SF-12) Health Survey, the Chinese Modified Barthel Index (C-MBI), and the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain). Ceiling and floor effects were also examined. Results. A total of 125 participants were recruited in this study. In general, all instructions, items, and response options were considered as understandable, indicating a satisfactory cross-cultural adaptation. The I-CVI and S-CVI scores were 0.80-1 and 0.90-1, respectively, indicating excellent content validity in terms of relevance, representativeness, and understandability. The test-retest reliability of all HK-KOOS subscales was satisfactory with ICC exceeding 0.70 for all domains. Cronbach's alpha exceeded 0.80 for all subscales, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Medium to strong correlations were found between the HK-KOOS and the VAS-Pain, SF-12, and C-MBI. However, factor analysis indicated a seven-factor structure, rather than the original five-factor structure. Items on pain and activities of daily living were loaded in the same factors. A floor effect was present in the sports and recreation subscale. Discussion and Conclusions. Future studies should further examine the dimensionality of the KOOS. The HK-KOOS is a culturally adapted, reliable, and valid outcome measure instrument to be used in Hong Kong patients with primary knee osteoarthritis.

Electrical cardiometry (EC) is a non-invasive cardiac output method that can assess cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) but there are no reference values for children per se. The primary aim of this study was to develop reference values for clinical application. The secondary aim was to compare the EC measurements to published values. We performed a prospective observational study in patients (<21 years of age) without structural heart disease who had recovered from an acute illness. EC recordings in children that had normal heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure at discharge were eligible for analysis. The relationship of CI or SI and age in children was performed by regression analysis. Similar analysis was performed comparing measurements by EC to cardiac parameters values compiled from reference sources to assess bias in EC. Eighty-three children (2 weeks–21 years of age) were studied. There was a significant curvilinear relationship between CI or SI and age by EC (F-test, p  < 0.05). Regression curves of cardiac parameters reported in the literature using 6 Fick’s method, thermodilution, echocardiography and cardiac MRI were the same or higher than (0–19.6 %) values obtained with EC, with higher values being statistically significant ( p  < 0.05 all). There is a curvilinear relationship of CI or SI and age by EC in normal children. Cardiac parameters reported in the literature using alternative methods are different from those obtained with EC but are within acceptable ranges, with EC biased to underestimate CI. Adjustment of target value is required for EC goal-directed therapies.

The complexity of the d electron orbital in transition metals gives rise to unique physics. The various degrees of freedom (DOF) such as charge, lattice, interface all exist in close spheres of influence of each other. Current research is often focused on a singular aspect of an exotic property. Although this simplifies experimental requirements, it does so at the cost of assumptions in theory and has led to an incorrect diagnosis.In this thesis, we explore the complex relationship of strain, composition and exchange using LaNiO3 as a medium to explore how various DOF in a transitional metal oxide interact. LaNiO3 is the only metallic and paramagnetic material, at all temperatures, in the rare earth nickelates series. These unique properties are derived from precise hybridisation between the centre Ni atom and the surrounding O octahedron. Any deviation from the perfect LaNiO3 thin film, whether in composition, dimension or interfaces will result in deviation of macroscopic properties. The extreme sensitivity of the Ni-O bonds makes it a great candidate for exploring the interplay in strain and composition within a thin film.A series of LaNiO3 films were fabricated in various conditions to explore the effects of strain, annealing and deposition pressure. Using macroscopic analysis such as X-ray and physical properties measurement system and localised measurements such as scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, we observed highly localised oxygen-deficient phases. This discovery contradicts the current standard of LaNiO3 verification and provides a simple explanation for the limitation of LaNiO3 thin film research.Using this new understating, the later of this thesis will explore the more complex system of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/LaNiO3 superlattices. Complex interactions such as charge transfer, exchange bias, double-exchange and super-exchange in the superlattice have been previously observed. None the less, polarised neutron reflectometry analysis highly indicates that a new interaction, Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction, can be added to the list. Through two superlattices’ design, the Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis showed that short-range asymmetry, where the top and bottom interfaces are different, generated RKKY effect and long-range asymmetry, two different SLs, had exchange bias effects. These observations, localised oxygen-deficient LaNiO3 and RKKY interaction in superlattices, highlights the complexity of LaNiO3.

Myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) is a transcription factor with mutation hotspots at K4, Y69 and D83 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To provide insight into the regulatory network of MEF2B, in this study, we analyse global gene expression and DNA-binding patterns. We find that candidate MEF2B direct target genes include RHOB , RHOD, CDH13 , ITGA5 and CAV1 , and that indirect target genes of MEF2B include MYC , TGFB1 , CARD11 , MEF2C , NDRG1 and FN1 . MEF2B overexpression increases HEK293A cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and decreases DLBCL cell chemotaxis. K4E, Y69H and D83V MEF2B mutations decrease the capacity of MEF2B to activate transcription and decrease its’ effects on cell migration. The K4E and D83V mutations decrease MEF2B DNA binding. In conclusion, our map of the MEF2B regulome connects MEF2B to drivers of oncogenesis. Mutations in the transcription factor MEF2B are found in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In this study, the authors map the DNA-binding sites of the transcription factor in cells in vitro and find that the mutations decrease the ability of MEF2B to activate transcription.