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Undernutrition (Body Mass Index < 18.5 kg/m2) is a common problem and a major cause of hospital admission for patients living with HIV. Though sub-Saharan Africa is the most commonly affected region with HIV and malnutrition, a meta-analysis study that estimates the prevalence and correlates of undernutrition among adults living with HIV has not yet been conducted. The objective of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among adults living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies published in English were searched systematically from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and gray literature, as well as manually from references in published articles. Observational studies published from 2009 to November 2021 were included. The data extraction checklist was prepared using Microsoft Excel and includes author names, study area, publication year, sample size, prevalence/odds ratio, and confidence intervals. The results were presented and summarized in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standard. Heterogeneity was investigated using the Q test, I2, τ2, τ and predictive interval. STATA version 17 was used to analyze the data. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was used to determine the overall prevalence and adjusted odds ratio. The study has been registered in PROSPERO with a protocol number of CRD42021268603. In this study, a total of 44 studies and 22,316 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of undernutrition among adult people living with HIV (PLWHIV) was 23.72% (95% CI: 20.69-26.85). The factors associated with undernutrition were participants' age (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.29-0.88), gender (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 0.22-20.00), World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage (AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: 2.57-3.93), Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4 count) (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.53-2.28), and duration of ART (AOR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.6-3.02). The pooled prevalence of undernutrition among adult PLWHIV in sub-Saharan Africa remained high. WHO clinical stage, CD4 count, duration of ART treatment, age, and sex were found to be the factors associated with undernutrition. Reinforcing nutrition counseling, care, and support for adults living with HIV is recommended. Priority nutritional screening and interventions should be provided for patients with advanced WHO clinical stages, low CD4 counts, the male gender, younger age groups, and ART beginners.

Background Intention to leave is an employee’s plan of tendency to leave the current working institute to find an alternative job in the near future. Even though nurses are the backbone of patient caring, there was no study done on intention to leave their job in North West Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess nurses’ intention to leave their job and associated factors in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia, 2017. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st March to 30th March 2017. After proportional sample size allocation, 210 participants were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected by using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Science version 23.0 was used to enter, clean, code and analyze the collected data. The association between independent and dependent variables was assessed by using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. Factors that had statistically significant association with the dependent variable ( P  < 0.05) were identified as significant in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Result From a total of 210 nurses, 191 of them were participating in this study making a response rate of 90.95%. From all nurses, 64.4%of them were employed in the hospital. In this study, nurses’ overall intention to leave their job was 64.9% (95% CI: [57.6, 71.2]). Nurses’ intention to leave their job was determined by disagree in recognition (AOR = 4.83; 95%CI: [1.73, 13.50]), and work itself (AOR = 31.30; 95%CI: [7.16, 136.78]). Conclusion Nurses’ intention to leave their job in the current study was high. The contributing factors for this problem were disagree in recognition at work and work itself. Hence, we recommended that hospital and health center managers should maintain recognition at work and work itself to retain nurses.

Maternal near-miss is a serious public health concern in impoverished countries such as Ethiopia. Despite its huge burden, the prognostic predictive model of maternal near-miss has received little attention in research in the Ethiopian context. As a result, this study aimed to build and validate (internally) a clinical prediction model of maternal near-miss in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2024. A prospective follow-up study was conducted among 2110 randomly selected pregnant women in Bahir Dar city between May 1, 2023, and March 6, 2024. Pregnant women with gestational age less than 20 weeks were included in the cohort and followed up to 42 days after delivery. Data were extracted from antenatal care records and collected by an interview-administered questionnaire. The model was developed using the standard Cox regression model, and model fitness was checked using the Schoenfeld assumption test. After applying a stepwise elimination, a p-value of less than 0.15 was used to fit the reduced model. Both discrimination and calibration were used to assess the model's performance. The model was internally validated through the bootstrapping method. The clinical usefulness of the model was checked using decision curve analysis. A nomogram was used for the model presentation. Maternal near-miss incidence density rate was 1.94 per 1,000 woman-weeks. Maternal age, residence, decision-making power, intention to pregnancy, time of antenatal initiation, genital mutilation, history of cesarean section, middle upper arm circumference, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and history of obstetric morbidity were identified as important predictors to predict maternal near-miss. The model demonstrated good discriminatory performance with a C-index of 0.82(95%CI: 0.80-0.85), and good calibration with close alignment with 45 degrees. A simplified risk score of 40 maximum points was developed. The model was presented using a nomogram. The maternal near-miss incidence density rate was high in the present study. Socio-demographic and clinical factors were key variables for predicting maternal near-miss. The model has good discrimination and calibration. The researchers recommend external validation in different settings to assess the model's generalizability before applying it to clinical settings.

Background Nurses in Africa are arguably the most important frontline healthcare workers available in most healthcare facilities, performing a broad range of tasks. Such tasks are considerably presumed in the causation of workload. Nursing is listed among the highly risky professions for developing low back pain. The nursing profession is ranked within the top ten professions which have a great risk of low back pain. Hence, this review aimed to ascertain whether low back pain is a significant concern for nurses in African healthcare facilities. Methods A comprehensive literature search of different databases with no date limit was conducted from September to November 2018 using the PRISMA guideline. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a 12-item rating system. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Cochran’s Q and the I 2 test were used to assess heterogeneity. The presence of publication bias was evaluated by using Egger’s test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. Result In this review, 19 studies from different African regions with a total sample size of 6110 nurses were included. All the studies were carried out between 2000 and 2018. Among these, the lowest and the highest prevalence were found to be 44.1 and 82.7% respectively. The estimation of the prevalence rate of low back pain among nurses using the random-effects model was found to be 64.07% (95% CI: 58.68–69.46; P -value < 0.0001). Heterogeneity of the reviewed studies was I 2  = 94.2% and heterogeneity Chi-squared = 310.06 (d.f = 18), P -value < 0.0001. The subgroup analyses showed that the highest prevalence of LBP among nurses was from West African region with prevalence rates of 68.46% (95% CI: 54.94–81.97; P -value < 0.0001) and followed by North Africa region with prevalence rate of 67.95% (95% CI: 55.96–79.94; P-value < 0.0001). Conclusion Even though the overall prevalence of the present study is lower when compared to the Western and Asian studies, it indicated that the prevalence of low back pain among nurses is substantial.

Effective menstrual hygiene has direct and indirect effect on achieving millennium development goals two (universal education), three (gender equality and women empowerment) and, five (improving maternal health). However, in Ethiopiait is an issue which is insufficiently acknowledged in the reproductive health sector. The objective of this study therefore, is to assess the age of menarche and knowledge of adolescents about menstrual hygiene management in Amhara province. School based cross sectional study was conducted from November 2012 to June 2013. Multistage stage sampling technique was used. The school was first clustered in to grades & sections and thenparticipants were selected by lottery method. A pretested &structured questionnaire was used. Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Finally, multivariate analysis was used to assess independent effect of predictors. In this study, 492 students were included, making a response rate of 100%. Mean age at menarche was 14.1±1.4 years. The main sources of information about menstrual hygiene management were teachers for 212 (43.1%). Four hundred forty six (90.7%) respondents had high level knowledge about menstrual hygiene management. Most of the respondents 457 (92.9%) and 475 (96.5%) had access for water and toilet facility respectively. Place of residence (AOR = 1.8, 95%CI: [1.42-1.52]) and educational status of their mothers' (AOR = 95%CI: [1.15-13.95]) were independent predictors of knowledge about menstrual hygiene management. Knowledge of respondents about menstrual hygiene management was very high. School teachers were the primary source of information. Place of residence and their mother's educational status were independent predictors of menstrual hygiene management. Thus, the government of Ethiopia in collaboration with its stalk holders should develop and disseminatereproductive health programmes on menstrual hygiene management targeting both parents and their adolescents. Moreover, parents should be made aware about the need to support their children with appropriate sanitary materials.

Objective To assess the level of job satisfaction and associated factors among nurses in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017. Results The overall proportion of nurses’ job satisfaction was 43.6%. From motivational factors, advancement (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI [1.17, 5.96]) and recognition (AOR = 2.56; 95% CI [1.08, 6.08]) were the main determinants of nurses’ job satisfaction. Among hygienic factors, work security (AOR = 4.88; 95% CI [1.13, 21.03]) was positively associated with nurses’ job satisfaction. In conclusion, the nurses’ job satisfaction was low in this study setting. Modifiable factors such as advancement, recognition and work security positively affect job satisfaction of nurses. Therefore, the current study recommended that the health care system administers should work on improvement of advancement, security, and recognition in the facilities.

Comprehensive care given to people living with HIV/AIDS is improving over time; however, their concurrent cognitive illness is still ignored, under screened and treated particularly in developing countries. And this problem is also striking in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2017 at Gamo Gofa zone public Hospitals. International HIV Dementia Scale was used to screen HIV associated neurocognitive disorders. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of neurocognitive disorders. A total of 684 study participants were included in this study with a response rate of 98%. Among them, 56% were females while 44% were males. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 38.8±8.8years. The screening prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder was 67.1% (95% CI; 63.6, 70.5). Body mass index 16 kg/m2 (AOR 4.389 (1.603-12.016)), being married (AOR 0.377 (0.213-0.666), unemployment status (AOR 3.181 (1.752-5.777) and being in WHO clinical stage T3 category/advancing stages of the disease (AOR 3.558 (1.406-9.006) were the key predictors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS. In this study the screening prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is higher than the earlier reports in Ethiopia and Africa. This indicates that early screening strategies and policies for cognitive health in people living with HIV/AIDS should be given a top priority.

Objective Macrosomia is associated with the risk of mortality and morbidity in neonates and their mothers. Despite the considerable public health effect of macrosomia, evidence on the determinants of macrosomia is limited in Northwest Ethiopia in general and in Amhara region in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of macrosomia among newborns delivered in referral hospitals in 2020 in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 279 mothers and their newborns in Amhara region referral hospitals. Newborns weighing 4000 g and above and between 2500 and 3999 g were considered cases and controls, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify the determinants of macrosomia. Results In total, 273 of 279 mothers and their newborns (97.8% response rate) were included. The mean birth weights of cases and controls were 4312.97 ± 357.53 g and 3161.92 ± 452.12 g, respectively. Weight gain over pregnancy, antenatal follow up, physical activity during pregnancy, and neonate sex were the main determinants of macrosomia. Conclusion The main determinants of macrosomia were determined in this study. Government should place special emphasis on reducing the modifiable factors of macrosomia.

Being-street mother is a challenging life situation for both the mothers and their children. However, the lived experiences of motherhood in street families are not explored very well in Ethiopia in general. Hence, this study explored street mothers' well-being, perception of street life, and motivation to leave street life in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. A phenomenological study was conducted on 10 street mothers from July 13, 2021 to July 17, 2021. The mothers were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using face-to-face in-depth interview method. Data were analyzed using framework approach. Four themes emerged from the data: well-being of mothers and their children with four subthemes (physical, social, mental, and spiritual wellbeing), perception of street life, motivations to leave street life and efforts to end street life. Nearly all of the street mothers perceived that living on the street was terrible for them and their kids. They described it as an absolutely revolting, bitter, awful, horrible, and difficult life. Generally, street mothers had the motivation to leave street life, but only some had exerted tangible efforts to end the street life. Street mothers had a very poor status in almost all dimensions of well-being. The perception of mother about their street life was negative. The mothers had strong motivation to end street life but were unable to make strong tangible efforts showing that they need assistance mechanisms before they change to street extended families under misery.

Objective To identify the determinants of term premature rupture of membrane in Southern Ethiopia public hospitals, 2017. Results Seventy-five cases and 223 controls women were enrolled for the study. Two hundred eighty-four (95.3%) participants were admitted at the gestational age of above 40, and the rest, 14 (4.7%), were admitted at 37–40 weeks of gestation. The current study identified wealth index and inter-birth interval as preventive predictors, but smoking and hypertension during pregnancy were identified as positive determinants of premature rupture of membrane. This finding is supported by multiple logistic regression analysis result of wealth index (AOR: 0.102, 95% CI [0.033, 0.315]), inter-birth interval (AOR: 0.251, 95% CI [0.129, 0 0.488]), smoking (AOR: 17.053, 95% CI [2.145, 135.6]), and hypertension (AOR: 8.92, 95% CI (1.91, 41.605]). The association between PROM and its determinants indicated that evidence-based interventions should be needed and designed to have very high wealth index, and optimal interbirth interval, and prevent smoking and hypertension during pregnancy to decrease PROM occurrence in the study settings. Hence, we recommended that integration of prevention mechanism of modifiable determinants to the obstetrics health care system will reduce premature ruptures of a membrane.