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As many scholars have noted, women remain peripheral in most analyses of the practices and effects of imprisonment. This article aims to redress this pattern by comparing the problems of long-term confinement as experienced by male and female prisoners, and then detailing the most significant and distinctive problems reported by the latter. It begins by reporting data that illustrate that the women report an acutely more painful experience than their male counterparts. It then focuses on the issues that were of particular salience to the women: loss of contact with family members; power, autonomy and control; psychological well-being and mental health; and matters of trust, privacy and intimacy. The article concludes that understanding how women experience long sentences is not possible without grasping the multiplicity of abuse that the great majority have experienced in the community, or without recognizing their emotional commitments and biographies.

Commercial landings of starry smooth-hound Mustelus asterias in northern European seas are increasing, whilst our knowledge of their ecology, behaviour and population structure remains limited. M. asterias is a widely distributed demersal shark, occupying the waters of the southern North Sea and Irish Sea in the north, to at least the southern Bay of Biscay in the south, and is seasonally abundant in UK waters. There are no species-specific management measures for the northeast Atlantic stock, and the complexity of its population structure is not yet fully understood. To address this issue, we deployed both mark-recapture and electronic tags on M. asterias to gain novel insights into its horizontal and vertical movements. Our data suggest that the habitat use of M. asterias changes on a seasonal basis, with associated changes in geographical distribution, depth utilisation and experienced temperature. We report the first direct evidence of philopatry for this species, and also provide initial evidence of sex-biased dispersal and potential metapopulation-like stock structuring either side of the UK continental shelf. Investigations of finer-scale vertical movements revealed clear diel variation in vertical activity. The illustrated patterns of seasonal space-use and behaviour will provide important information to support the stock assessment process and will help inform any future management options.

The legal doctrine of ‘joint enterprise’ has been heavily criticized for lacking legitimacy, primarily linked to distributive (in)justice. This paper draws on the narratives of ‘joint enterprise prisoners’ serving long life sentences for murder to address such concerns and extend the discussion to questions of ‘legal legitimacy’. Prisoners who were early in their sentences explicitly rejected the legal legitimacy of joint enterprise, while those at a later stage reported ‘accepting’ their conviction and demonstrated ‘consent’ by engaging with their sentence. We argue that rather than representing normative acceptance of the legal legitimacy of joint enterprise over time, this acceptance is a form of instrumental acquiescence associated with ‘dull compulsion’ ‘coping acceptance’ and personal meaning making.

Determining the mechanisms driving range-wide reductions in Atlantic salmon marine survival is hindered by an insufcient understanding of their oceanic ecology and distribution. We attached 204 pop-up satellite archival tags to post-spawned salmon when they migrated to the ocean from seven European areas and maiden North American salmon captured at sea at West Greenland. Individuals migrated further north and east than previously reported and displayed increased diving activity near oceanographic fronts, emphasizing the importance of these regions as feeding areas. The oceanic distribution difered among individuals and populations, but overlapped more between geographically proximate than distant populations. Dissimilarities in distribution likely contribute to variation in growth and survival within and among populations due to spatio-temporal diferences in environmental conditions. Climate-induced changes in oceanographic conditions will alter the location of frontal areas and may have stock-specifc efects on Atlantic salmon population dynamics, likely having the largest impacts on southern populations.

The movement ecology of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax , remains poorly understood, especially in the northern ranges of its distribution. To investigate migration patterns of seabass from the southern North Sea, we combined data from different projects from four countries using various tagging techniques. This resulted in 146 recaptures (out of 5598 externally marked seabass), 138 detected animals (out of 162 seabass fitted with an acoustic transmitter) and 76 archived depth and temperature series (out of 323 seabass with an archival tag). Using geolocation modelling, we distinguished different migration strategies, whereby individual fish migrated to the eastern English Channel (15.1%), the western English Channel (28.3%), the Celtic Sea and the norther part of the Bay of Biscay (17.0%), or stayed in the North Sea (39.6%). A high number of seabass exhibited fidelity to the North Sea (90.5% of recaptures, 55.3% for acoustic transmitters and 44.7% of archival tags). Although seabass are generally considered to migrate southwards in winter, a large number of individuals (n = 62) were observed in the southern North Sea, where spawning might potentially occur in a particular deep location along the coast of Norfolk in the UK. Our results highlight the need to consider fine-scaled population structuring in fisheries assessment, and indicate that current seasonal fisheries closures are not aligned with the ecology of seabass in the North Sea.

Activity patterns of animals often relate to environmental variables such as food availability and predation pressure. Technological advances are providing us with new tools to monitor and better understand these activity patterns. We used animal-attached data loggers recording acceleration and depth to compare activity patterns and vertical habitat use of whale sharks ( Rhincodon typus ) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Whale sharks showed a moderate reverse diel vertical migration but exhibited a clear crepuscular pattern in locomotory activity. Peak activity occurred at sunset, whereas vertical movement peaked prior to this. Typical ram surface filter feeding could be identified and occurred primarily during sunset and the first hours of night. At such times, direct observations indicated whale sharks were feeding on tropical krill swarms. Kinematic analysis of postural data and data from vertical movement suggests that whale sharks at Ningaloo spend ~8 min per day actively ram surface filter feeding. Considering the high biomass present in krill schools, it is estimated that whale sharks at Ningaloo have a similar energy intake as those at other aggregation sites. Diel patterns in activity and diving behaviour suggest that whale sharks have tuned their diving behaviour in anticipation of the formation of these high-density patches which appear to only be periodically, but predictably available at sunset. Our results confirm that diel patterns in vertical habitat selection and vertical movements do not necessarily reflect patterns in activity and foraging behaviour. Direct quantification of activity and behaviour is required in gaining accurate representation of diel activity patterns.

The yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares: YFT) is a widely distributed, migratory species that supports valuable commercial fisheries. Landings of YFT are seasonally and spatially variable, reflecting changes in their availability and accessibility to different fleets and metiers which, in turn, has implications for sustainable management. Understanding the dynamics of YFT behaviour and how it is affected by biological and ecological factors is therefore of consequence to fisheries management design. Archival and pop-up satellite tags (PSAT) were used in the South Atlantic Ocean around St Helena between 2015 and 2020 to collect information on the movements, foraging and locomotory behaviour of YFT. The study aimed to (1) identify vertical behaviour of YFT within St Helena’s EEZ; (2) assess the timing and depth of potential feeding events and (3) to use the information to inform on the catchability of YFT to the local pole and line fishing fleet. Results indicate that the YFT daytime behaviour shifted between shallow with high incidence of fast starts in surface waters in summer months (December to April), to deep with high incidence of strikes at depth in colder months (May to November). Catchability of YFT was significantly reduced between May and November as YFT spent more time at depths below 100 m during the day, which coincides with a reduction in the quantity of YFT caught by the inshore fleet.

The movements and behaviour of mature European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in UK waters have not been studied extensively since a series of mark-recapture experiments during the 1970s, 80s and 90s. To better understand the timing and extent of seasonal migrations, 171 mature sea bass > 42 cm were internally tagged with floated electronic tags programmed to record temperature and depth, and released in the English Channel, in the southern North Sea and in the Irish Sea. Among the 48 tags returned to date, sea bass were at liberty for 370 ± 337 days and were recovered 172 ± 200 km from their respective release locations. Most tags were recovered from beaches (54%), or via the fishery (44%). A comparison of the reconstructed tracks from returned electronic tags with the recapture locations of 237 mark-recapture returns (6.5%) from 3615 sea bass released between 1970 and 2020 showed strong overlap. Seasonal movements between shallow areas (Q2–Q3) and deeper spawning areas (Q4–Q1) were accompanied by elevated vertical swimming speeds and average water temperatures of 8.5 °C in the English Channel and Irish Sea, but lower temperatures in the North Sea. Movements between the Celtic Sea/Irish Sea and the North Sea and vice versa demonstrate high levels of connectivity in UK waters. We demonstrate that a proportion of sea bass remained resident within the North Sea throughout the year, with a strong suggestion that spawning might be occurring. These data have significant implications for the future sustainable management of sea bass stocks in UK and surrounding waters.

The use of animal-borne devices to measure acceleration has yielded insights into animal locomotion, behaviour and energy expenditure. We present the first systematic review of accelerometry on animals, spanning 60 years, across ecology, biomechanics, agriculture, neurosciences, medical and veterinary sciences from over 400 species and 1520 studies. Most work to date is on terrestrial mammals, particularly domesticated species, while aerial and aquatic animals are relatively under-represented owing to device size and attachment constraints, and just one study has been conducted on amphibians. Despite this, accelerometry research has expanded globally across nearly 100 countries, across all groups of animals including birds, fish, invertebrates, mammals, and reptiles, and across wild and captive animals, including domesticated and non-domesticated species. A variety of software has been used, with open-source software and, more recently, machine learning tools being employed. On-board processing of accelerometry data, including real-time behavioural classification with deep learning to improve accuracy, can reduce power consumption and memory use several-fold, increasing deployment duration. Transfer of device types, sensors and analytical routines between fields in accelerometry offers considerable opportunities for advancing the field. For example, precision livestock farming uses real-time welfare monitoring, which could be adapted for aquaculture or even wild animal monitoring in areas with good data connectivity, while medical sector health monitoring could be used for wild animal disease tracking. The rapid growth in accelerometry requires urgent collaborative approaches to address big data challenges. This includes establishing standardised data repositories, developing open-electronics for low-cost device development and bespoke sensors, fostering capacity building and technical collaboration for device and algorithm advancements. This review also highlights geographic inequities in research accessibility and authorship, with less than 6% of accelerometry studies originating from authors from Africa, South America and Asia (excluding Japan, which contributed the second most studies globally) combined. The field must prioritise translational and inclusive research practices and cross-disciplinary collaboration to maximise scientific value and foster innovation while maximising animal welfare.

This study investigates the age-based life-history traits of two groundfish species, the spotted moray eel ( Gymnothorax moringa ) and squirrelfish ( Holocentrus adscensionis ), found in Ascension Island and St Helena. Both islands are part of the UK Overseas Territories (UKOTs) and are known for their fish biodiversity. The research aims to provide essential life-history information to support sustainable management of these species within the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of Ascension Island and St Helena. A total of 556 fish samples were collected between 2014 and 2021, with 279 individuals of G. moringa and 277 individuals of H. adscensionis . We found significant differences in life span, adult body size, and growth rates between the two islands for both species. G. moringa exhibited longer life spans (32 vs 29 years) and faster growth rates at Ascension Island compared to St Helena, while H. adscensionis showed larger adult sizes at Ascension Island but shorter life spans (21 vs 27 years) compared to St Helena. The study highlights the importance of developing locality-specific species life history data collections to monitor population dynamics in MPA areas. This biological information is essential to allow future assessment programs on the potential impacts of climate change and inshore human activities, including the impacts of inshore fisheries. Future research should focus on reproductive biology, size and age at maturity, and migration patterns to enhance the accuracy of sustainability assessments for these fisheries.