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Interacting electrons confined in one dimension are generally described by the Luttinger liquid formalism, where the low-energy electronic dispersion is assumed to be linear and the resulting plasmonic excitations are non-interacting. Instead, a Luttinger liquid in one-dimensional materials with nonlinear electronic bands is expected to show strong plasmon–plasmon interactions, but an experimental demonstration of this behaviour has been lacking. Here, we combine infrared nano-imaging and electronic transport to investigate the behaviour of plasmonic excitations in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with carrier density controlled by electrostatic gating. We show that both the propagation velocity and the dynamic damping of plasmons can be tuned continuously, which is well captured by the nonlinear Luttinger liquid theory. These results contrast with the gate-independent plasmons observed in metallic nanotubes, as expected for a linear Luttinger liquid. Our findings provide an experimental demonstration of one-dimensional electron dynamics beyond the conventional linear Luttinger liquid paradigm and are important for understanding excited-state properties in one dimension. Electric-field tunable plasmonic excitations in semiconducting carbon nanotubes are shown to behave consistently with the nonlinear Luttinger liquid theory, providing a platform to study non-conventional one-dimensional electron dynamics and realize integrated nanophotonic devices.

Surface plasmons, collective electromagnetic excitations coupled to conduction electron oscillations, enable the manipulation of light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. Plasmon dispersion of metallic structures depends sensitively on their dimensionality and has been intensively studied for fundamental physics as well as applied technologies. Here, we report possible evidence for gate-tunable hybrid plasmons from the dimensionally mixed coupling between one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) graphene. In contrast to the carrier density-independent 1D Luttinger liquid plasmons in bare metallic carbon nanotubes, plasmon wavelengths in the 1D-2D heterostructure are modulated by 75% via electrostatic gating while retaining the high figures of merit of 1D plasmons. We propose a theoretical model to describe the electromagnetic interaction between plasmons in nanotubes and graphene, suggesting plasmon hybridization as a possible origin for the observed large plasmon modulation. The mixed-dimensional plasmonic heterostructures may enable diverse designs of tunable plasmonic nanodevices. Surface plasmons have unique physical properties that make them also interesting for technology. Here, the authors observe plasmons in mixed-dimensional heterostructures that can be highly modulated with electrostatic gating, which may be explained by plasmon hybridization

Knowledge of energy expenditure informs conservation managers for long term plans for endangered species health and habitat suitability. We measured field metabolic rate (FMR) of free-roaming giant pandas in large enclosures in a nature reserve using the doubly labeled water method. Giant pandas in zoo like enclosures had a similar FMR (14,182 kJ/day) to giant pandas in larger field enclosures (13,280 kJ/day). In winter, giant pandas raised their metabolic rates when living at − 2.4 °C (36,108 kJ/day) indicating that they were below their thermal neutral zone. The lower critical temperature for thermoregulation was about 8.0 °C and the upper critical temperature was about 28 °C. Giant panda FMRs were somewhat lower than active metabolic rates of sloth bears, lower than FMRs of grizzly bears and polar bears and 69 and 81% of predicted values based on a regression of FMR versus body mass of mammals. That is probably due to their lower levels of activity since other bears actively forage for food over a larger home range and pandas often sit in a patch of bamboo and eat bamboo for hours at a time. The low metabolic rates of giant pandas in summer, their inability to acquire fat stores to hibernate in winter, and their ability to raise their metabolic rate to thermoregulate in winter are energetic adaptations related to eating a diet composed almost exclusively of bamboo. Differences in FMR of giant pandas between our study and previous studies (one similar and one lower) appear to be due to differences in activity of the giant pandas in those studies.

Orientation-controlled growth of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) may enable many new electronic and optical applications. However, previous studies reporting aligned growth of WSe 2 usually yielded very small domain sizes. Herein, we introduced gold vapor into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process as a catalyst to assist the growth of WSe 2 and successfully achieved highly aligned monolayer WSe 2 triangular flakes grown on c -plane sapphire with large domain sizes (130 µm) and fast growth rate (4.3 µm·s −1 ). When the aligned WSe 2 domains merged together, a continuous monolayer WSe 2 was formed with good uniformity. After transferring to Si/SiO 2 substrates, field effect transistors were fabricated on the continuous monolayer WSe 2 , and an average mobility of 12 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 was achieved, demonstrating the good quality of the material. This report paves the way to study the effect of catalytic metal vapor in the CVD process of TMDCs and contributes a novel approach to realize the growth of aligned TMDC flakes.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and anti‐PL‐7 antibody‐positive interstitial lung disease (ILD) share early radiographic similarities, yet their treatments differ significantly. This article reports a rare case of dual anti‐PL‐7 and anti‐GM‐CSF autoantibody positivity, initially misdiagnosed as anti‐synthetase syndrome due to interstitial infiltrates and concurrent Nocardia/Aspergillus infections. Empirical glucocorticoid therapy worsened symptoms. Definitive PAP diagnosis was confirmed via milky bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and anti‐GM‐CSF autoantibody detection, alongside incidental pulmonary embolism. Multidisciplinary intervention (antimicrobials, thrombolysis, and whole‐lung lavage) improved oxygenation. Clinicians must consider PAP as a differential diagnosis in patients with atypical presentations before commencing immunosuppressive therapy. Multidisciplinary collaboration is crucial for managing complex PAP cases. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and anti‐PL‐7 antibody‐positive interstitial lung disease (ILD) share early radiographic similarities, yet their treatments differ significantly. This article reports a rare case of dual anti‐PL‐7 and anti‐GM‐CSF autoantibody positivity, initially misdiagnosed as anti‐synthetase syndrome due to interstitial infiltrates and concurrent Nocardia/Aspergillus infections. Definitive PAP diagnosis was confirmed via milky bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and anti‐GM‐CSF autoantibody detection, alongside incidental pulmonary embolism. This case demonstrates diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic paradoxes arising from cross‐positivity of these antibodies.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the onset as well as progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Database searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP Database, and CBM, covering the period from each database's inception to March 2024. Results This meta‐analysis included 15 studies from 2016 to 2023, comprising a total of 1455 participants (801 in the COPD group and 654 in the health group). The results showed a significant reduction in RNFL thickness across all quadrants (average, inferior, nasal, superior, and temporal) in the COPD group compared to the health group (MD: −4.46; 95%CI: −7.77 to −1.14; p = 0.008; MD: −8.17; 95%CI: −11.36 to −4.99; p < 0.00001; MD: −4.69; 95%CI: −7.22 to −2.16; p = 0.0003; MD: −4.83; 95%CI: −8.45 to −1.21; p = 0.009; MD: −2.89; 95%CI: −5.35 to −0.43; p = 0.02). In the mild/moderate COPD group, only the inferior RNFL (MD: −2.32; 95%CI: −4.40 to −0.24; p = 0.03) showed a significant reduction. However, in the severe COPD group, all quadrants were significantly reduced (MD: −5.89; 95%CI: −7.40 to −4.38; p < 0.0001; MD: −6.74; 95%CI: −10.71 to −2.77; p = 0.0009; MD: −4.29; 95%CI: −5.95 to −2.64; p < 0.0001; MD: −2.34; 95%CI: −4.30 to −0.37; p = 0.02; MD: −4.84; 95%CI: −8.82 to −0.86; p = 0.02). Conclusion Based on current evidence, the average RNFL thickness and the thicknesses of various RNFL regions in COPD patients are significantly lower than those in healthy subjects, and these reductions are closely associated with disease severity. The inferior RNFL may be the first to show changes with the onset and progression of COPD. This study evaluates the correlation between the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the occurrence and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The findings indicate that RNFL thickness in COPD patients is significantly reduced compared to healthy individuals and correlates with disease severity, with the inferior RNFL likely affected earliest.

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） have emerged as an important material for printed macroelectronics. However, achieving printed complementary macroelectronics solely based on CNTs is difficult because it is still challenging to make reliable n-type CNT transistors. In this study, we report threshold voltage （Vth） tuning and printing of complementary transistors and inverters composed of thin films of CNTs and indium zinc oxide （IZO） as p-type and n-type transistors, respectively. We have optimized the Vth of p-type transistors by comparing Ti/Au and Ti/Pd as source/drain electrodes, and observed that CNT transistors with Ti/Au electrodes exhibited enhancement mode operation （Vth 〈 0）. In addition, the optimized In：Zn ratio offers good n-type transistors with high on-state current （Ion） and enhancement mode operation （Vth 〉 0）. For example, an In：Zn ratio of 2：1 yielded an enhancement mode n-type transistor with Vth - 1 V and Ion of 5.2 μA. Furthermore, by printing a CNT thin film and an IZO thin film on the same substrate, we have fabricated a complementary inverter with an output swing of 99.6% of the supply voltage and a voltage gain of 16.9. This work shows the promise of the hybrid integration of p-type CNT and n-type IZO for complementary transistors and circuits.

The purpose of this study was to identify the role of FEZF1-AS1 in colon cancer and predicted the underlying mechanism. We extracted sequencing data of colon cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, identified the differential expression of long noncoding RNA, microRNA, and messenger RNA, constructed a competitive endogenous RNA network, and then analyzed prognosis. Then, we used the enrichment analysis databases for functional analysis. Finally, we studied the FEZF1-AS1/miR-92b-3p/ZIC5 axis. We detected the expression of FEZF1-AS1, miR-92b-3p, and ZIC5 via quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, transfected colon cancer cell RKO with lentivirus and conducted FEZF1-AS1 knockdown, and performed cancer-related functional assays. It indicated that many RNA in the competitive endogenous RNA network, such as ZIC5, were predicted to be related to overall survival of colon cancer patients, and enrichment analysis showed cancer-related signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The expression of FEZF1-AS1 and ZIC5 was significantly higher and that of miR-92b-3p was lower in the colon cancer than in the normal colon tissues. FEZF1-AS1 promoted the migration, proliferation, as well as invasion of RKO. According to the prediction, FEZF1-AS1 and ZIC5 might competitively bind to miR-92b-3p, leading to the weakening of the inhibitory impact of miR-92b-3p on ZIC5 and increasing expression of ZIC5, thus further activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which led to the occurrence and development of colon cancer. The study suggested that FEZF1-AS1 might be an effective diagnosis biomarker for colon cancer.

This study monitored daily and seasonal locations of juvenile green turtles in three coastal bays of northwest Costa Rica, determining their home ranges and assessing their habitat use. My objective was to produce insights which might help future Pacific Ocean green turtle conservation efforts.I tracked 14 juvenile green turtles for 51-629 days using acoustic transmitters (VECOM v16) and 12 acoustic receivers (VECOM VR2Tx and VR2W) in 5 study area habitats: sandy areas, reef patches, macroalgae, rocky reefs, and mangroves. I divided these 14 turtles into large (equal to or larger than 65 cm CCL) and small (smaller than 65 cm CCL) size classes so I could highlight any changes as they grew toward adulthood.Both the large and small size turtles used habitats differently during the dry and rainy seasons. During the dry season, the large juveniles had a High Detection Rate (HDR) of 40% in the macroalgae area. During the rainy season, their HDR was 33% in the reef patch area. The small juveniles had their HDR in the reef patch area during both seasons: 33% in the dry season and 43% in the rainy season. The mean home range for the 14 turtles was 1.96 km²; their core use area was 0.19 km2. I saw no connection between body size and home range. The HDR findings suggest that juvenile green turtles preferred reef patches, rocky reefs, and macroalgae habitat types. The large juveniles prefer vegetation areas more as they grew; similar to that of adult green turtles. Some turtles moved between Matapalito Bay and Santa Elena Bay and along the coast to small bays east of Matapalito Bay. Travel speed varied between 0.23 km/h and 12.90 km/h with a mean of 1.57 km/h.My findings highlight certain habitat areas preferred by Pacific juvenile green turtles. This can guide conservationists in identifying and protecting similar habitats in other inshore Pacific bays in Central America. By protecting habitat areas that are important for juvenile green turtles, this can help rebuild the green turtle population in the Pacific Ocean.