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Most terahertz (THz) radar systems can only work in the near-field region, because the THz source power is limited and the size of the target scattered near field is up to tens of kilometers. Such conditions will result in the conventional radar range equation being unsuitable. Therefore, the near-field radar cross section (RCS) formula is given according to the numerical simulation on different targets. By modifying the parameters in the near field, including the gain of radar antennas and the RCS of targets, the generalized radar range equation is proposed. The THz radar working efficiency in the whole range and the simulation of the near-field RCS simulation model were employed to validate its effectiveness. Through comparison with the radar range equation, it can be concluded that the calculation results of the proposed equation are smaller in the near field, and the outcomes in the far field are identical. The proposed generalized radar range equation can be applied to the whole radiation area including the near field and the far field. Furthermore, more complicated real targets are calculated according to the generalized radar range equation and it can be extended from the submillimeter wave band to a much wider band range. Finally, the near-field radar theory is established, which shows its potential application to the radar cross section estimation in the extremely high frequency and fine design of THz radar systems.

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease marked by chronic inflammation, affecting the joints and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The link between different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) consumption and CVD in individuals with RA remains unclear. This study investigates the association between PUFAs intake and CVD prevalence among individuals with RA, using 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Methods A cross-sectional analysis included 1,394 individuals with RA, and their PUFA intake was evaluated through 24-h dietary recall interviews. Logistic regression models evaluated the relationship between PUFA intake and CVD, adjusting for various covariates. Subgroup analyses and dose–response relationships were also explored. Results In models adjusted for age, gender and race, higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake showed an inverse association with CVD prevalence. However, this association was attenuated and did not remain statistically significant after further adjustment for socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors. A higher intake of linoleic acid (LA) and n-6 PUFAs was linked to an increased prevalence of CVD. In contrast, no significant association was found between other n-3 PUFAs and CVD prevalence. An “L”-shaped dose–response pattern was observed in analyses adjusted for age, gender, and race, with a turning point at 64 mg/day, but this pattern was not observed in fully adjusted models. No significant nonlinear relationships were observed for LA, other n-3 PUFAs or n-6 PUFAs. Conclusions A higher intake of LA and n-6 PUFAs is positively associated with CVD prevalence. These findings suggest a potential link between specific dietary fatty acid composition and cardiovascular disease in RA, warranting further investigation to inform tailored nutritional recommendations.

A large number of sensors work in the narrow bandpass circumstance. Meanwhile, some of them hold fine details merely along one and two dimensions. In order to efficiently simulate these sensors and devices, the one-step leapfrog hybrid implicit-explicit (HIE) algorithm with the complex envelope (CE) method and absorbing boundary condition is proposed in the narrow bandpass circumstance. To be more precise, absorbing boundary condition is implemented by the higher order convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) formulation to further enhance the absorption during the entire simulation. Numerical examples and their experiments are carried out to further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results show considerable agreement with the experiment and theory resolution. The relationship between the time step and mesh size can break the Courant–Friedrichs–Levy condition which indicates the physical size/selection mesh size. Such a condition indicates that the proposed algorithm behaviors are considerably accurate due to the rational choice in discretized mesh. It also shows decrement in simulation duration and memory consumption compared with the other algorithms. In addition, absorption performance can be improved by employing the proposed higher order CPML algorithm during the whole simulation.

In order to analyze the scattering properties in multi-radiator problems, the active radar cross section (ARCS) concept is proposed under complex electromagnetic (EM) environments. The corresponding calculation methods and formulation are proposed by incorporating the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) concept with external disturbances. By introducing the phase characteristics into the ARCS concept, the coherent problems can be accurately solved. Through analyzing the external disturbance and the radar waves by employing the finite element method, the coherent and the incoherent characteristics of the external disturbance can be simulated in complex structures. Numerical examples and an experiment are carried out to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ARCS concept. The results demonstrate that the proposed ARCS concept obtains better universality compared with the existing incoherent multi-radiator formulation. Meanwhile, the ARCS can be identical with the solution which is obtained by the single radar wave. Compared with the existing incoherent methods for external disturbances calculations, the proposed ARCS concept is more rational. Through the experiment, the effectiveness of the calculation method and formulation is further demonstrated and validated.

Low-pressure discharge causes air ionization resulting in performance degeneration or failure for the satellite sensors in outer space. Here, a one-step Crank-Nicolson Direct-Splitting (CNDS) algorithm is proposed to evaluate the electrical behavior of satellite sensors under the low-pressure discharge circumstance. To be more specific, the CNDS algorithm is proposed in the Lorentz medium, which can accurately analyze the ionized air and generated plasma. Higher order perfectly matched layer (PML) is modified in the Lorentz medium to efficiently terminate the unbounded lattice. It can be concluded that the proposed algorithm shows entire considerable performance in the low-pressure discharge evaluation. The proposed PML formulation behaviors enhanced absorbing performance compared with the existing algorithm. Through the experiments, it can be observed that the low-pressure discharge phenomenon causes performance variation, which shows a significant influence on the satellite sensors. Meanwhile, results show considerable agreement between the simulation and experiment results which indicates the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Tourism is not only a visual experience but also an auditory pleasure that could be directly experienced through music performances as traditional music performances to experience local culture. “Nanyin” ancient music as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage in China has become an essential music tourism attraction. This study aims to analyze tourists’ perception of “Nanyin” ancient music, explore the relationship between tourists'’ expectations, existential authenticity, and loyalty, and the moderating effect of cultural identity. To achieve the above research purposes, the research adopts a mixed research method, through the content analysis method and questionnaire survey, research findings revealed that existential authenticity has a mediating effect between tourists’ expectations and loyalty, and cultural identity plays a significant moderating role between tourists’ expectations of existential authenticity, existential authenticity, and loyalty. For the sustainable development of music tourism in China, this article proposes strategies to promote traditional music tourism products and service provisions in the Chinese tourism market.

Morinda officinalis F.C. How. (MO) (Rubiaceae) can strengthen bone function. To examine the functional mechanism and effect of MO polysaccharides (MOPs) in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Rats with GIOP were treated with 5, 15 or 45 mL/kg of MOP [n = 15 for each dose, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection every other day for 8 weeks]. The body weight of rats and histomorphology of bone tissues were examined. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes (Exo) were collected and identified. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were induced to differentiate into osteoclasts and treated with BMSC-Exo for in vitro studies. MOP reduced the body weight (5, 15, or 45 mg/kg MOP vs. phosphate-buffered saline: 8%, 15% and 25%, p < 0.01), elevated the bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV), mean trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), mean trabecular number (Tb.N) and mean connectivity density (Conn.D) (40-86%, p < 0.01), decreased the mean trabecular separation/spacing (Tb.Sp) (22-37%, p < 0.01), increased the cortical bone continuity (35-90%, p < 0.01) and elevated RUNX family transcription factor 2 and RANK levels (5-12%, p < 0.01), but suppressed matrix metallopeptidase 9 and cathepsin K levels (9-20%, p < 0.01) in femur tissues. BMSC-Exo from MOP-treated rats (MOP-Exo) suppressed osteoclastic differentiation and proliferation of BMMs. The downregulation of microRNA-101-3p (miR-101-3p) or the upregulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) blocked the functions of MOP-Exo. MOP inhibits osteoclastic differentiation and could potentially be used for osteoporosis management. This suppression may be enhanced by the upregulation of miR-101-3p or the inhibition of PTGS2.

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease requiring long-term therapy, where adherence critically impacts outcomes. Non-adherence remains a significant barrier to disease control, particularly in China, where healthcare disparities persist.ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to systematically map the existing evidence on the frequency, barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence among Chinese patients with SLE and to identify gaps to guide future research and interventions.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies that assessed adherence to pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological SLE treatments among Chinese adults (≥18 years). Eligible designs included observational, interventional, qualitative and mixed-method studies published in English or Chinese.Sources of evidence10 electronic databases (eg, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS) were searched from inception to 27 March 2024, using MeSH terms and relevant keywords. Additional studies were retrieved through manual reference screening.Charting methodsData were extracted using a standardised form informed by the WHO multidimensional adherence framework. Key variables included study design, adherence measurement tools, frequency and categorised barriers/facilitators. Data were charted independently by two reviewers.Results21 studies met inclusion criteria. Adherence was most often measured via self-report, especially Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 and Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology. Non-adherence ranged from 33.3% to 75.0%, reflecting measurement and population heterogeneity. Barriers were commonly patient-related, treatment-related and system-related, including fear of side effects, complex regimens, poor communication and financial burden. Facilitators included structured education, psychological support, simplified regimens and family support.ConclusionsTreatment adherence among Chinese SLE patients is suboptimal and influenced by multidimensional factors. Culturally tailored, multilevel interventions—addressing education, communication and system-level barriers—are urgently needed. Adoption of standardised adherence measures and use of the WHO framework can improve cross-study comparability and guide targeted interventions.Trial registration numberOSF: osf.io/x5uzc; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GQWA7.

Background Migraine, characterized by recurrent episodes of severe headache, remains mechanistically enigmatic. While traditional theories emphasize trigeminovascular activation, the role of meningeal stromal-immune crosstalk in disease chronicity is poorly understood. Methods A migraine-related chronic hypersensitivity model was utilized via intermittent intraperitoneal nitroglycerin (NTG, 10 mg/kg, every other day for 9 days) and peripheral mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed using von Frey filaments. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on dura tissues to construct a cellular atlas of NTG-induced remodeling. These data were then integrated with migraine genome-wide association study (GWAS) risk genes, cell-cell interaction networks, and transcriptional regulation analysis to dissect NTG-driven meningeal remodeling. Results The NTG-induced migraine-related chronic hypersensitivity model demonstrated sustained mechanical allodynia, as evidenced by significantly decreased paw withdrawal thresholds ( p  < 0.0001). Single-cell profiling of the dura mater revealed a 2.4-fold expansion of a pro-inflammatory fibroblast subpopulation (Fibro_c5: 1.9% in Vehicle vs. 4.6% in NTG group), which exhibited marked activation of TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathways (normalized enrichment score [NES] = 1.83). Concomitantly, we observed an 82% increase in meningeal monocytes (5.7–10.4%) that showed preferential interaction with Fibro_c5 fibroblasts through Angptl1-mediated stromal-immune crosstalk (log2 fold change = 1.41). Regulatory network analysis identified Mafk as the upstream transcriptional regulator orchestrating Angptl1 expression in this pathological communication axis. Conclusion Our study reveals that NTG reprograms meningeal fibroblasts to expand a pro-inflammatory fibroblast subtype, which drives migraine-related chronic hypersensitivity through TNF-α/NF-κB signaling and Angptl1-mediated monocyte crosstalk. The identified Mafk-Angptl1 axis presents a potential therapeutic target, though human validation remains essential.

Background Chronic migraine is a disabling neurological disorder with complex mechanisms. The trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) is a critical relay in migraine pathogenesis, yet its cellular and molecular underpinnings remain unclear. Methods We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to the TNC of a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced chronic migraine mouse model and controls. Major neuronal classes were annotated, followed by subclustering of GABAergic neurons. We assessed cell-type abundance changes, reconstructed transcriptional trajectories, and applied network- and pathway-level analyses including high-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (hdWGCNA), pseudotime modeling, and CellChat-based intercellular communication profiling. Results We identified a previously unrecognized GABAergic subpopulation characterized by high Nox4 expression (GABA_Nox4). This subpopulation was significantly reduced in NTG-treated mice compared with controls ( p  = 0.018), a finding further validated by immunofluorescence staining. hdWGCNA identified a migraine-associated co-expression module enriched in GABA_Nox4 neurons, which was further supported by disease enrichment analysis. Pseudotime analysis showed that GABA_Nox4 neurons diverged into distinct transcriptional states under NTG treatment. Intercellular communication analysis revealed enhanced crosstalk of GABA_Nox4 neurons with astrocytes, endothelial cells, and OPCs in the NTG group, mediated by NTG-enriched ligand–receptor pairs such as Agrn–Dag1, Ncam1–Ncam2, and endothelial-derived Ncam1–L1cam, whereas VEH-specific interactions such as Pdgfa–Pdgfra and Pdgfa–Pdgfrb were diminished. Conclusions Our integrative single-cell analysis identifies GABA_Nox4 neurons as a vulnerable and communication-active GABAergic subpopulation in the TNC that is selectively reduced and transcriptionally reprogrammed in chronic migraine. The disruption of inhibitory signaling and rewiring of ligand–receptor networks highlight this population as a potential cellular driver of migraine pathophysiology and a candidate target for therapeutic intervention.