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"Wu, Ping"
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Effects of synthetic and environmentally friendly fungicides on powdery mildew management and the phyllosphere microbiome of cucumber
Modern agricultural practices rely on synthetic fungicides to control plant disease, but the application of these fungicides has raised concerns regarding human and environmental health for many years. As a substitute, environmentally friendly fungicides have been increasingly introduced as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. However, the impact of these environmentally friendly fungicides on plant microbiomes has received limited attention. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing to compare the bacterial and fungal microbiomes in the leaves of powdery mildew-infected cucumber after the application of two environmentally friendly fungicides (neutralized phosphorous acid (NPA) and sulfur) and one synthetic fungicide (tebuconazole). The phyllosphere α-diversity of both the bacterial and fungal microbiomes showed no significant differences among the three fungicides. For phyllosphere β-diversity, the bacterial composition exhibited no significant differences among the three fungicides, but fungal composition was altered by the synthetic fungicide tebuconazole. While all three fungicides significantly reduced disease severity and the incidence of powdery mildew, NPA and sulfur had minimal impacts on the phyllosphere fungal microbiome relative to the untreated control. Tebuconazole altered the phyllosphere fungal microbiome by reducing the abundance of fungal OTUs such as Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes, which included potentially beneficial endophytic fungi. These results indicated that treatments with the environmentally friendly fungicides NPA and sulfur have fewer impacts on the phyllosphere fungal microbiome while maintaining the same control efficacy as the synthetic fungicide tebuconazole.
Journal Article
شيطان بتسعة رؤوس
وصل سان تسانغ وتلاميذه إلى قرية توهلوه حيث واجهوا شيطانا ضخما على هيئة ثعبان يأكل الماشية والأغنام والدجاج والإوز وحتى البشر. طلب سكان القرية المساعدة من السحرة لكن الشيطان قتلهم. ولاحقا، ذهب القرد الإخضاع الشيطان، وبمجرد أن فتح الثعبان فمه ليأكل با جیه قفز القرد داخل معدته وقتله. فرح أهل القرية بمقتل الشيطان الثعبان ورافقوا سان تسانغ وتلاميذه لتوديعهم. وكان في غرب القرية جبل الهيات السبع، وبسبب تراكم ثمار الكاكي لعدة سنوات، صار الجبل قذرا كريه الرائحة، وعجز الأربعة عن عبوره. فعمل با جيه ليلا ونهارا لتنظيف الطريق بعد أن أطعمه أهل القرية ما يكفي حتى تضاعف وصار ضخما جدا. وأخيرا، عبر الأربعة الجبل.
Book
Construction of Smart Biomaterials for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing
Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disease that has become one of the fastest-growing health crises in modern society. Diabetic patients may suffer from various complications, and diabetic foot is one of them. It can lead to increased rates of lower-extremity amputation and mortality, even seriously threatening the life and health of patients. Because its healing process is affected by various factors, its management and treatment are very challenging. To address these problems, smart biomaterials have been developed to expedite diabetic wound closure and improve treatment outcomes. This review begins with a discussion of the basic mechanisms of wound recovery and the limitations of current dressings used for diabetic wound healing. Then, the categories and characteristics of the smart biomaterial scaffolds, which can be utilized as a delivery system for drugs with anti-inflammatory activity, bioactive agency, and antibacterial nanoparticles for diabetic wound treatment were described. In addition, it can act as a responsive system to the stimulus of the pH, reactive oxygen species, and glucose concentration from the wound microenvironment. These results show that smart biomaterials have an enormous perspective for the treatment of diabetic wounds in all stages of healing. Finally, the advantages of the construction of smart biomaterials are summarized, and possible new strategies for the clinical management of diabetic wounds are proposed.
Journal Article
Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids
Cone photoreceptors in the eye enable color vision, responding to different wavelengths of light according to what opsin pigments they express. Eldred et al. studied organoids that recapitulate the development of the human retina and found that differentiation of cone cells into their tuned subtypes was regulated by thyroid hormone. Cones expressing short-wavelength (S) opsin developed first, and cones expressing long- and medium-wavelength (L/M) opsin developed later. The switch toward development of L/M cones depended on thyroid hormone signaling through the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor. Science , this issue p. eaau6348 Human retinal organoids offer an opportunity to study the pathways regulating development of color vision. The mechanisms underlying specification of neuronal subtypes within the human nervous system are largely unknown. The blue (S), green (M), and red (L) cones of the retina enable high-acuity daytime and color vision. To determine the mechanism that controls S versus L/M fates, we studied the differentiation of human retinal organoids. Organoids and retinas have similar distributions, expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones, and thyroid hormone signaling controls this temporal switch. Dynamic expression of thyroid hormone–degrading and –activating proteins within the retina ensures low signaling early to specify S cones and high signaling late to produce L/M cones. This work establishes organoids as a model for determining mechanisms of human development with promising utility for therapeutics and vision repair.
Journal Article
Unraveling the Complexities of Toll-like Receptors: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital components of the innate immune system, serving as the first line of defense against pathogens by recognizing a wide array of molecular patterns. This review summarizes the critical roles of TLRs in immune surveillance and disease pathogenesis, focusing on their structure, signaling pathways, and implications in various disorders. We discuss the molecular intricacies of TLRs, including their ligand specificity, signaling cascades, and the functional consequences of their activation. The involvement of TLRs in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and cancer is explored, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. We also examine recent advancements in TLR research, such as the development of specific agonists and antagonists, and their application in immunotherapy and vaccine development. Furthermore, we address the challenges and controversies surrounding TLR research and outline future directions, including the integration of computational modeling and personalized medicine approaches. In conclusion, TLRs represent a promising frontier in medical research, with the potential to significantly impact the development of novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of diseases.
Journal Article
Crossing the blood-brain-barrier with nanoligand drug carriers self-assembled from a phage display peptide
The filamentous bacteriophage fd bind a cell target with exquisite specificity through its few copies of display peptides, whereas nanoparticles functionalized with hundreds to thousands of synthetically generated phage display peptides exhibit variable and often-weak target binding. We hypothesise that some phage peptides in a hierarchical structure rather than in monomeric form recognise and bind their target. Here we show hierarchial forms of a brain-specific phage-derived peptide (herein as NanoLigand Carriers, NLCs) target cerebral endothelial cells through transferrin receptor and the receptor for advanced glycation-end products, cross the blood-brain-barrier and reach neurons and microglial cells. Through intravenous delivery of NLC-β-secretase 1 (BACE1) siRNA complexes we show effective BACE1 down-regulation in the brain without toxicity and inflammation. Therefore, NLCs act as safe multifunctional nanocarriers, overcome efficacy and specificity limitations in active targeting with nanoparticles bearing phage display peptides or cell-penetrating peptides and expand the receptor repertoire of the display peptide.
Bacteriophages can bind targets with only a few copies of a display peptide while most nanoparticles with thousands achieve poor binding. Here the authors form hierarchical arrangements of phage peptides to delivery siRNA across the blood brain barrier.
Journal Article
Variations in green investment efficiency of enterprises under different low-carbon emission reduction strategies
As environmental issues become more prominent, enterprises increasingly focus on reducing low-carbon emissions through green investment. Simultaneously, governments have implemented various low-carbon emission reduction strategies. This study assesses how varying low-carbon emission reduction strategies influence green investment efficiency in enterprises. The study employed the widely used a slack-based model (SBM) in efficiency estimation to analyze the variations in green investment efficiency under command-based, incentive-based, and public-based strategies. The findings revealed that the coefficient for the command-based strategy was − 0.456, the coefficient for the incentive-based strategy was 0.555, and the coefficient for the public-based strategy was 0.133. All coefficients were statistically significant at the 1% level. The regression analysis results aligned with hypotheses H1-H3, indicating that the command-based strategy hampered green investment efficiency while the incentive-based and public-based strategies enhanced it. These results demonstrate that diverse low-carbon emission reduction strategies yield varying impacts on enterprises’ green investment efficiency. The research results can provide a basis for policy-making in the actual government environmental protection departments.
Journal Article
Screening length of a heavy quark–antiquark pair in non-commutative plasma
We investigate the screening length of a heavy quark–antiquark (
Q
Q
¯
) pair in non-commutative
N
=
4
super Yang–Mills plasma at strong coupling. We perform the analysis by computing the Wilson loop in a boosted background and consider the axis of the
Q
Q
¯
pair along different directions. It turns out that the inclusion of non-commutativity increases the screening length, thus enhancing the binding energy of the
Q
Q
¯
pair. Furthermore, the presence of non-commutativity reduces quarkonium dissociation, in agreement with previous findings of the imaginary potential and entropic force.
Journal Article