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"Wu, Qing"
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Ultra-spinning Chow’s black holes in six-dimensional gauged supergravity and their properties
A
bstract
By taking the ultra-spinning limit as a simple solution-generating trick, a novel class of ultra-spinning charged black hole solutions has been constructed from Chow’s rotating charged black hole with two equal-charge parameters in six-dimensional
N
= 4 gauged supergravity theory. We investigate their thermodynamical properties and then demonstrate that all thermodynamical quantities completely obey both the differential first law and the Bekenstein-Smarr mass formula. For the six-dimensional ultra-spinning Chow’s black hole with only one rotation parameter, we show that it does not always obey the reverse isoperimetric inequality, thus it can be either sub-entropic or super-entropic, depending upon the ranges of the mass parameter and especially the charge parameter. This property is obviously different from that of the six-dimensional singly-rotating Kerr-AdS super-entropic black hole, which always strictly violates the RII. For the six-dimensional doubly-rotating Chow’s black hole but ultra-spinning only along one spatial axis, we point out that it may also obey or violate the RII, and can be either super-entropic or sub-entropic in general.
Journal Article
Enantioselective C(sp 3 )‒H bond activation by chiral transition metal catalysts
Although organic compounds consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms, strategies for chemical synthesis have traditionally targeted the handful of more reactive interspersed oxygens, nitrogens, and halogens. Modifying C–H bonds directly is a more appealing approach, but selectivity remains a challenge. Saint-Denis et al. review recent progress in using transition metal catalysis to break just one of two mirror-image C–H bonds and then append a more complex substituent in its place. Ligand design has proven crucial to differentiate these otherwise similar bonds in a variety of molecular settings. Science , this issue p. eaao4798 Organic molecules are rich in carbon-hydrogen bonds; consequently, the transformation of C–H bonds to new functionalities (such as C–C, C–N, and C–O bonds) has garnered much attention by the synthetic chemistry community. The utility of C–H activation in organic synthesis, however, cannot be fully realized until chemists achieve stereocontrol in the modification of C–H bonds. This Review highlights recent efforts to enantioselectively functionalize C(sp 3 )–H bonds via transition metal catalysis, with an emphasis on key principles for both the development of chiral ligand scaffolds that can accelerate metalation of C(sp 3 )–H bonds and stereomodels for asymmetric metalation of prochiral C–H bonds by these catalysts.
Journal Article
Modulators of microglial activation and polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage
Key Points
Microglial polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) modulates microglial phagocytic function and might affect haematoma clearance
Activation of microglia to an M1-like phenotype occurs mainly in the acute phase after ICH
M2-like microglial responses occur in the subacute and chronic phase and might contribute to phagocytosis of cell debris and haematoma clearance
Microglial polarization can be regulated by transcription factors, chemokines, receptors and their signalling pathways, and interactions between microglia and other cells in the brain (T lymphocytes, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
Data from clinical trials and preclinical studies suggest that targeting of microglial phenotype switching represents a new research direction for ICH treatment
Effective drug treatments for intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are still lacking. However, therapies that target microglial phenotype switching might soon become available for affected patients. Here, Wang and colleagues summarize key advances in understanding of microglial function after ICH, including modulators of microglial function and interactions with other cells.
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke but currently lacks effective treatment. Microglia are among the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the innate immune response to ICH. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by becoming activated and developing classic M1-like (proinflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. This polarization implies as yet unrecognized actions of microglia in ICH pathology and recovery, perhaps involving microglial production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, alternatively activated M2-like microglia might promote phagocytosis of red blood cells and tissue debris, a major contribution to haematoma clearance. Interactions between microglia and other cells modulate microglial activation and function, and are also important in ICH pathology. This Review summarizes key studies on modulators of microglial activation and polarization after ICH, including M1-like and M2-like microglial phenotype markers, transcription factors and key signalling pathways. Microglial phagocytosis, haematoma resolution, and the potential crosstalk between microglia and T lymphocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the ICH brain are described. Finally, the clinical and translational implications of microglial polarization in ICH are presented, including the evidence that therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating microglial function might mitigate ICH injury and improve brain repair.
Journal Article
The Relationship Between the Physician-Patient Relationship, Physician Empathy, and Patient Trust
BackgroundA trusting physician-patient relationship is an essential component of high-quality care.ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the physician-patient relationship, physician empathy, and patient trust.DesignCross-sectional survey.ParticipantsA total of 3289 patients (response rate 68.6%) from 103 hospitals in eastern, central, and western China completed surveys.Main MeasurePhysician empathy, patient trust, and physician-patient relationship were measured by the Chinese version of Consultation and Relational Empathy Scale, Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale, and Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire, respectively. Bootstrapped mediation analysis was performed.Key ResultsThere were moderate to strong correlations between physician empathy, patient overall trust, and patient trust in physician’s benevolence and competence, and the physician-patient relationship (r = 0.49–0.75, P < 0.01 for all). Patients’ evaluation of physician-patient relationship was predicted by their perception of physician empathy, patient overall trust, and trust in the physician’s benevolence. Mediation analysis showed that the indirect effect of physician empathy on physician-patient relationship through patient overall trust was significant (β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.15–0.21) and that the mediation effect of patient trust in physician’s benevolence was significant (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.20–0.28), though the mediation effect of patient trust in physician’s competence was not (β = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.02 to 0.02).ConclusionsPatients’ perception of physician empathy influences their evaluation of the physician-patient relationship both directly and indirectly via patient trust in the physician’s benevolence. These findings underline the importance of patient belief in physician benevolence and empathy in building trustful and harmonious relationships between physicians and patients.
Journal Article
Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
Journal Article