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نهر الرمال
لم يستطع سان تسانغ ومعه وو كونغ وبا جيه إكمال رحلتهم إلى الغرب بسبب نهر الرمال المتحركة الذي اعترض طريقهم، وكان يعيش في النهر شيطان له «عقد» ضخم مكون من تسع جماجم أراد التهام الراهب سان تسانغ فخاض با جيه قتالا عنيفا مع الشيطان ولكنه لم يهزمه وحين هاجمه القرد بعصاه الحديدية فر الشيطان هاربا إلى قاع النهر ولم يجرؤ على الخروج فنزل با جيه في النهر وحاول استدراج الشيطان إلى الشاطئ ليقبض عليه القرد، لكن الشيطان حين رأى القرد غاص في قاع النهر، فلجأ القرد إلى قوان بن طلبا للمساعدة، لكن اتضح أن قوان بن أثارت الشيطان وأمرته باتباع سان تسانغ فأرسلت مساعدها مو تشا لمساعدتهم وبعد أن عرف الشيطان أن سان تسانغ هو راهب تانغ، وافق على أن يصبح تلميذه الثالث، وأطلق عليه سان تسانغ : «الراهب شا» ثم استخدم مو : ثم استخدم مو تشا القرع الأحمر الذي أعطته له قوان ين، ووضعه على عقد الجماجم وحولهما إلى قارب واستطاع سان تسانغ مع تلاميذه الثلاثة عبور النهر ومواصلة رحلتهم.
Book
Global, regional, and national burden of disease study of atrial fibrillation/flutter, 1990–2019: results from a global burden of disease study, 2019
Background
Data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factor Study 2019 (GBD 2019) was used to assess the burden and change in prevalence, incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation/flutter in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019.
Methods
Incidence, prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and their age-standardized rates of AF/AFL were analyzed by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and human development index (HDI) using the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 (GBD2019) results，and risk factors for AF/AFL (mainly high systolic blood pressure, high body-mass index, alcohol use, smoking and diet high in sodium) were differentially analyzed.
Results
There are 59.70 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 45.73–75.29 million) AF/AFL patients worldwide in 2019, with 4.72 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.64–5.96 million) new cases and 0.315 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.268–0.361 million) and 8.39 million disability-adjusted years (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 6.69–10.54 million). The highest risk factor for deaths, DALYs attributable to AF/AFL in 2019 was high systolic blood pressure, high body-mass index, alcohol use, smoking, and diet high in sodium. It is estimated that between 2030 and 2034, the total incidence of male AF/ AFL will be 16.08 million, and the total number of deaths will be 1.01 million. For females, the total number of incidence is 16.85 million, and the total number of deaths is 1.49 million.
Conclusions
AF/AFL remains a major global public health problem, although the ASR of prevalence, incidence, and DALY at the worldwide level showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2019(the ASR of deaths increased slightly). However, the unfavorable trend observed in this study in countries with lower SDI suggests that current prevention and treatment strategies should be reoriented. Some countries should develop more targeted and specific strategies to prevent the increase of AF/AFL.
Journal Article
Chemical Constituents and Biological Activity Profiles on Pleione (Orchidaceae)
Pleione (Orchidaceae) is not only famous for the ornamental value in Europe because of its special color, but also endemic in Southern Asia for its use in traditional medicine. A great deal of research about its secondary metabolites and biological activities has been done on only three of 30 species of Pleione. Up to now, 183 chemical compounds, such as phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, etc., have been obtained from Pleione. These compounds have been demonstrated to play a significant role in anti-tumor, anti-neurodegenerative and anti-inflammatory biological activities and improve immunity. In order to further develop the drugs and utilize the plants, the chemical structural analysis and biological activities of Pleione are summarized in this review.
Journal Article
Metabolic network analysis reveals microbial community interactions in anammox granules
Microbial communities mediating anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represent one of the most energy-efficient environmental biotechnologies for nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, little is known about the functional role heterotrophic bacteria play in anammox granules. Here, we use genome-centric metagenomics to recover 17 draft genomes of anammox and heterotrophic bacteria from a laboratory-scale anammox bioreactor. We combine metabolic network reconstruction with metatranscriptomics to examine the gene expression of anammox and heterotrophic bacteria and to identify their potential interactions. We find that Chlorobi-affiliated bacteria may be highly active protein degraders, catabolizing extracellular peptides while recycling nitrate to nitrite. Other heterotrophs may also contribute to scavenging of detritus and peptides produced by anammox bacteria, and potentially use alternative electron donors, such as H
2
, acetate and formate. Our findings improve the understanding of metabolic activities and interactions between anammox and heterotrophic bacteria and offer the first transcriptional insights on ecosystem function in anammox granules.
The use of anammox microbiomes to treat wastewater is an escalating biotechnology, yet the functional role heterotrophic bacteria play in these systems remains poorly understood. Here, Lawson
et al
. use metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to reveal that heterotrophs degrade free peptides, while recycling nitrate to nitrite.
Journal Article
SIGIRR deficiency contributes to CD4 T cell abnormalities by facilitating the IL1/C/EBPβ/TNF-α signaling axis in rheumatoid arthritis
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with multiple etiological factors, among which aberrant memory CD4 T cells activation plays a key role in the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. SIGIRR (single immunoglobulin IL-1R-related receptor), a member of the IL-1 receptor (ILR) family, acts as a negative regulator of ILR and Toll-like receptor (TLR) downstream signaling pathways and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential roles of SIGIRR on memory CD4 T cells in RA and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.
Methods
Single-cell transcriptomics and bulk RNA sequencing data were integrated to predict
SIGIRR
gene distribution on different immune cell types of human PBMCs. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the differential expression of SIGIRR on memory CD4 T cells between the healthy and RA cohorts. A Spearman correlation study was used to determine the relationship between the percentage of SIGIRR
+
memory CD4 T cells and RA disease activity. An AIA mouse model (antigen-induced arthritis) and CD4 T cells transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of SIGIRR deficiency on the development of arthritis in vivo. Overexpression of
SIGIRR
in memory CD4 T cells derived from human PBMCs or mouse spleens was utilized to confirm the roles of SIGIRR in the intracellular cytokine production of memory CD4 T cells. Immunoblots and RNA interference were employed to understand the molecular mechanism by which SIGIRR regulates TNF-α production in CD4 T cells.
Results
SIGIRR
was preferentially distributed by human memory CD4 T cells, as revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. SIGIRR expression was substantially reduced in RA patient-derived memory CD4 T cells, which was inversely associated with RA disease activity and related to enhanced TNF-α production.
SIGIRR
-deficient mice were more susceptible to antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), which was attributed to unleashed TNF-α production in memory CD4 T cells, confirmed by decreased TNF-α production resulting from ectopic expression of
SIGIRR
. Mechanistically, SIGIRR regulates the IL-1/C/EBPβ/TNF-α signaling axis, as established by experimental evidence and cis-acting factor bioinformatics analysis.
Conclusion
Taken together, SIGIRR deficiency in memory CD4 T cells in RA raises the possibility that receptor induction can target key abnormalities in T cells and represents a potentially novel strategy for immunomodulatory therapy.
Journal Article
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma-secreted exosomal miR-221-3p promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by targeting VASH1
Cancer-secreted exosomal miRNAs are emerging mediators of cancer-stromal cross-talk in the tumor environment. Our previous miRNAs array of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) clinical specimens identified upregulation of miR-221-3p. Here, we show that miR-221-3p is closely correlated with peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis in CSCC. More importantly, miR-221-3p is characteristically enriched in and transferred by CSCC-secreted exosomes into human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) to promote HLECs migration and tube formation in vitro, and facilitate lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis in vivo according to both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Furthermore, we identify vasohibin-1 (VASH1) as a novel direct target of miR-221-3p through bioinformatic target prediction and luciferase reporter assay. Re-expression and knockdown of VASH1 could respectively rescue and simulate the effects induced by exosomal miR-221-3p. Importantly, the miR-221-3p-VASH1 axis activates the ERK/AKT pathway in HLECs independent of VEGF-C. Finally, circulating exosomal miR-221-3p levels also have biological function in promoting HLECs sprouting in vitro and are closely associated with tumor miR-221-3p expression, lymphatic VASH1 expression, lymphangiogenesis, and LN metastasis in CSCC patients. In conclusion, CSCC-secreted exosomal miR-221-3p transfers into HLECs to promote lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis via downregulation of VASH1 and may represent a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for metastatic CSCC patients in early stages.
Journal Article