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The journal retracts the article titled \"Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Q-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Gas-Phase High-Energy Dissociation Routes of Triarylamine Derivatives\" [...].

Triarylamine groups have been widely utilized in the development of high-performance charge-transporting or luminescent materials for fabricating organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this study, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was adopted to investigate the dissociation behaviors of these triarylamine derivatives. Specifically, taking [M+H]+ as the precursor ion, high-energy collision dissociation (HCD) experiments within the energy range from 0 to 80 eV were carried out. The results showed that triarylamine derivatives with specific structures exhibited distinct fragmentation patterns. For diarylamine, the formation of odd-electron ions was ascribed to the single-electron transfer (SET) reaction mediated by ion-neutral complexes (INCs). In the low-energy range (below 40 eV), proton transfer served as the predominant mechanism for generating even-electron ions. Conversely, in the high-energy range (60 eV and above), the INC-SET reaction dominated. The precursor ion’s structure affects compliance with the “even-electron rule”, which has exceptions. Here, even-electron ion fragmentation was energy-dependent and could deviate from the rule, yet did not conflict with its concept, reflecting dissociation complexity. This research provides insights for triarylamine-based OLED materials, facilitating analysis and identification, and is expected to aid OLED material development.

Triarylamine groups have been widely utilized in the development of high-performance charge-transporting or luminescent materials for fabricating organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this study, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was adopted to investigate the dissociation behaviors of these triarylamine derivatives. Specifically, taking [M+H][sup.+] as the precursor ion, high-energy collision dissociation (HCD) experiments within the energy range from 0 to 80 eV were carried out. The results showed that triarylamine derivatives with specific structures exhibited distinct fragmentation patterns. For diarylamine, the formation of odd-electron ions was ascribed to the single-electron transfer (SET) reaction mediated by ion-neutral complexes (INCs). In the low-energy range (below 40 eV), proton transfer served as the predominant mechanism for generating even-electron ions. Conversely, in the high-energy range (60 eV and above), the INC-SET reaction dominated. The precursor ion’s structure affects compliance with the “even-electron rule”, which has exceptions. Here, even-electron ion fragmentation was energy-dependent and could deviate from the rule, yet did not conflict with its concept, reflecting dissociation complexity. This research provides insights for triarylamine-based OLED materials, facilitating analysis and identification, and is expected to aid OLED material development.

Although auditory stimuli benefit patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), the optimal stimulus remains unclear. We explored the most effective electroencephalography (EEG)-tracking method for eliciting brain responses to auditory stimuli and assessed its potential as a neural marker to improve DOC diagnosis. We collected 58 EEG recordings from patients with DOC to evaluate the classification model’s performance and optimal auditory stimulus. Using non-linear dynamic analysis (approximate entropy [ApEn]), we assessed EEG responses to various auditory stimuli (resting state, preferred music, subject’s own name [SON], and familiar music) in 40 patients. The diagnostic performance of the optimal stimulus-induced EEG classification for vegetative state (VS)/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) was compared with the Coma Recovery Scale-Revision in 18 patients using the machine learning cascade forward backpropagation neural network model. Regardless of patient status, preferred music significantly activated the cerebral cortex. Patients in MCS showed increased activity in the prefrontal pole and central, occipital, and temporal cortices, whereas those in VS/UWS showed activity in the prefrontal and anterior temporal lobes. Patients in VS/UWS exhibited the lowest preferred music-induced ApEn differences in the central, middle, and posterior temporal lobes compared with those in MCS. The resting state ApEn value of the prefrontal pole (0.77) distinguished VS/UWS from MCS with 61.11% accuracy. The cascade forward backpropagation neural network tested for ApEn values in the resting state and preferred music-induced ApEn differences achieved an average of 83.33% accuracy in distinguishing VS/UWS from MCS (based on K-fold cross-validation). EEG non-linear analysis quantifies cortical responses in patients with DOC, with preferred music inducing more intense EEG responses than SON and familiar music. Machine learning algorithms combined with auditory stimuli showed strong potential for improving DOC diagnosis. Future studies should explore the optimal multimodal sensory stimuli tailored for individual patients. Trial registration: The study is registered in the Chinese Registry of Clinical Trials (Approval no: KYLL-2023-414, Registration code: ChiCTR2300079310).

Frailty is thought to be associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as death and falls, but comparatively little is known about the impact of frailty transitions on the adverse health outcomes. Moreover, owing to insufficient sample size or a single-center study design, previous studies have not been sufficiently representative of elderly inpatients in China. This study aimed to provide estimates at the population level of the association between frailty transitions and adverse outcomes among elderly inpatients following discharge. This was a large-scale multicenter cohort study conducted from October 2018 to February 2021. The FRAIL scale was used to estimate frailty status. Frailty transitions were derived by considering frailty status at baseline and the 3-month follow-up, which encompassed five patterns: persistent non-frailty, persistent pre-frailty, persistent frailty, improvement in frailty, and worsening of frailty. The outcome variables included mortality, falls, hospital readmissions, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Cox proportional hazard regression, generalized linear models and linear regression was used to examine the association between frailty transitions and adverse health outcomes. A total of 8,256 patients were included in the study, 40.70% of study participants were non-frail, 43.04% were pre-frail, and 16.27% were frail. Compared with patients who persistently non-frail patients, those who frailty improvement, persistent pre-frailty, worsening frailty, and persistent frailty showcased escalated risks of mortality within 2 years after enrollment [HR (95% CI): 1.32 (1.06-1.64)], 1.71 (1.37-2.13), 2.43 (1.95-3.02), and 2.44 (1.81-3.29), respectively. These groups also faced elevated hazards of 2-year falls [OR(95% CI): 1.586(1.13-2.23), 2.21(1.55-3.15), 1.94(1.33-2.82), 2.71(1.59-4.62)] and re-hospitalization risk within 2 years[OR(95% CI): 1.33(1.13-1.56), 1.56(1.32-1.86), 1.53(1.28-1.83), 2.29(1.74-3.01). The number of falls increased by 0.76 over 2 years in frailty-worsened patients and 0.81 in persistently pre-frail patients. The total days of rehospitalization increased by 0.35 over 2 years in frailty-improved patients, by 0.61 in frailty-worsened patients, by 0.66 in elderly in persistently pre-frail patients and by 0.80 in persistently frail patients. Moreover, patients exhibiting frailty-improved [-1.23 (95% CI: -2.12 to -0.35)], persistently pre-frail[-4.95 (95% CI: -5.96 to -3.94)], frailty-worsened [-3.67 (95% CI: -4.71 to -2.62)], and persistently frail [-9.76 (95% CI: -11.60 to -7.93)] displayed inverse correlations with the regression coefficients of HRQoL. Frailty-improved, worsened, persistently pre-frail, and frail inpatients face higher risks of mortality, falls, rehospitalization, reduced HRQoL than consistently non-frail inpatients. Screening for frailty among elderly inpatients can identify individuals at increased risk of adverse health outcomes.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reproducibly associated ∼40 susceptibility loci with psoriasis. However, the missing heritability is evident and the contributions of coding variants have not yet been systematically evaluated. Here, we present a large-scale whole-exome array analysis for psoriasis consisting of 42,760 individuals. We discover 16 SNPs within 15 new genes/loci associated with psoriasis, including C1orf141 , ZNF683 , TMC6 , AIM2 , IL1RL1 , CASR , SON , ZFYVE16 , MTHFR , CCDC129 , ZNF143 , AP5B1 , SYNE2 , IFNGR2 and 3q26.2-q27 ( P <5.00 × 10 −08 ). In addition, we also replicate four known susceptibility loci TNIP1 , NFKBIA , IL12B and LCE3D–LCE3E . These susceptibility variants identified in the current study collectively account for 1.9% of the psoriasis heritability. The variant within AIM2 is predicted to impact protein structure. Our findings increase the number of genetic risk factors for psoriasis and highlight new and plausible biological pathways in psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting up to 3% of the population. Here, Zuo et al. perform exome array analysis, identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 15 new loci, implicating several biological pathways in psoriasis risk and disease heritability.

Background To date, most previous studies of frailty among hospitalized elderly Chinese patients have been conducted based on small samples, which cannot represent the elderly patient population. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for frailty among elderly patients in China. Study design and setting This cross-sectional study surveyed 9996 elderly patients from 6 tertiary-level hospitals in China. The prevalence of frailty among patients from selected wards was surveyed by trained investigators. A mixed-effects Poisson regression model was used to analyse the factors associated with frailty among elderly patients. Results The mean age of all subjects was 72.47 ± 5.77 years. The prevalence rate of frailty in this study was 18.02%. After adjustments were made for the confounding effect of the clustering of hospital wards, a mixed-effects Poisson regression model showed that the associated factors of frailty included the following: age (OR: 1.016, 95% CI: 1.012–1.020), BMI < 18.5 (OR: 1.248, 95% CI: 1.171–1.330), female gender (OR: 1.058, 95% CI: 1.004–1.115), ethnic minority (OR: 1.152, 95% CI: 1.073–1.236), admission to hospital by the emergency department (OR: 1.104, 95% CI: 1.030–1.184), transit from another hospital (OR: 1.159, 95% CI: 1.049–1.279), former alcohol use (OR: 1.094, 95% CI: 1.022–1.171), fall history in the past 12 months (OR: 1.257, 95% CI: 1.194–1.323), vision dysfunction (OR: 1.144, 95% CI: 1.080–1.211), cognition impairment (OR: 1.182, 95% CI: 1.130–1.237), sleeping dysfunction (OR: 1.215, 95% CI: 1.215–1.318), urinary dysfunction (OR: 1.175, 95% CI: 1.104–1.251), and defecation dysfunction (OR: 1.286, 95% CI: 1.217–1.358). The results also showed some of the following protective effects: BMI > 28 (OR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.856–0.940); higher education level, including middle school (OR: 0.915, 95% CI: 0.857, 0.977) and diploma and above (OR: 0.891, 95% CI: 0.821, 0.966); and current alcohol use (OR: 0.869, 95% CI: 0.815, 0.927). Conclusion We identified a relatively high prevalence of frailty among elderly patients, and there are several associated factors among the population derived from this investigation of a large-scale, multicentre, nationally representative Chinese elderly inpatient population. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682 , registered 09 August 2018.

Background Previous studies on the relationship between cognitive impairment and adverse outcomes among geriatric inpatients are not representative of older inpatients in China because of insufficient sample sizes or single-center study designs. The purpose of our study was to examine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and the relationship between cognitive impairment and 1-year adverse health outcomes in older inpatients. Methods This study was a large-scale multi-center cohort study conducted from October 2018 to February 2020. Six tertiary hospitals across China were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling method, and eligible older inpatients were selected for the baseline survey and follow-up. The Mini Cognitive Scale and the FRAIL scale were used to screen for cognitive impairment and frailty, respectively. The EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Level questionnaire was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We used a generalized estimating model to evaluate the relationship between cognitive impairment and adverse outcomes. Results The study included 5008 men (58.02%) and 3623 women (41.98%), and 70.64% were aged 65–75 years, and 26.27% were aged 75–85 years. Cognitive impairment was observed in 1756 patients (20.35%). There were significant differences between participants with cognitive impairment and those with normal cognitive function for age, gender, surgery status, frailty, depression, handgrip strength and so on. After adjusting for multiple covariates, compared with patients with normal cognitive function, the odds ratio for 1-year mortality was 1.216 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.076–1.375) and for 1-year incidence of frailty was 1.195 (95% CI: 1.037–1.376) in patients with cognitive impairment. Similarly, the regression coefficient of 1-year HRQoL was − 0.013 (95% CI: − 0.024−− 0.002). In the stratified analysis, risk of adverse outcome within 1 year was higher in older patients with cognitive impairment aged over 75 years than those aged 65–74 years. Conclusions We revealed that cognitive impairment was highly correlated with occurrence of 1-year adverse health outcomes (death, frailty, and decreased HRQoL) in older inpatients, which provides a basis for formulating effective intervention measures. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682 , registered 09 August 2018.

Background The escalating global prevalence of polypharmacy presents a growing challenge to public health. In light of this issue, the primary objective of our study was to investigate the status of polypharmacy and its association with clinical outcomes in a large sample of hospitalized older patients aged 65 years and over. Methods A two-year prospective cohort study was carried out at six tertiary-level hospitals in China. Polypharmacy was defined as the prescription of 5 or more different medications daily, including over-the-counter and non-prescription medications. Baseline polypharmacy, multimorbidity, and other variables were collected when at admission, and 2-year outcomes were recorded by telephone follow-up. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the associations between polypharmacy and 2-year outcomes. Results The overall response rate was 87.2% and 8713 participants were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 72.40 years (SD = 5.72), and women accounted for 42.2%. The prevalence of polypharmacy among older Chinese inpatients is 23.6%. After adjusting for age, sex, education, marriage status, body mass index, baseline frailty, handgrip strength, cognitive impairment, and the Charlson comorbidity index, polypharmacy is significantly associated with frailty aggravation (OR 1.432, 95% CI 1.258–1.631) and mortality (OR 1.365, 95% CI 1.174–1.592), while inversely associated with readmission (OR 0.870, 95% CI 0.764–0.989). Polypharmacy was associated with a 35.6% increase in the risk of falls (1.356, 95%CI 1.064–1.716). This association weakened after adjustment for multimorbidity to 27.3% (OR 1.273, 95%CI 0.992–1.622). Conclusions Polypharmacy was prevalent among older inpatients and was a risk factor for 2-year frailty aggravation and mortality. These results highlight the importance of optimizing medication use in older adults to minimize the risks associated with polypharmacy. Further research and implementing strategies are warranted to enhance the quality of care and safety for older individuals exposed to polypharmacy. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682, registered 09/08/2018.

Background There is still controversy about the relationship between aging and changes in functional ability. This study aims to describe the level of basic activities of daily living (ADL) and higher-level instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in different age groups and explore the factors associated with functional disability in Chinese older inpatients. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed 9996 older inpatients aged 65 years and older from six tertiary hospitals in China from October 2018 to February 2019. The levels of ADL and IADL were measured by scores of the Barthel index and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. A mixed-effect generalized linear model was used to examine the association between functional disability and covariates. Results The average ADL score was 89.51 ± 19.29 and the mean IADL score 6.76 ± 2.01 for all participants. There was a trend of decreasing scores along with aging, and significant differences between age groups were also observed ( P  < 0.001). The most affected ADL and IADL was stair climbing and shopping, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics (such as age), physical health variables (frailty, emaciation, hearing dysfunction, urinary dysfunction, defecation dysfunction, falling accidents in the past 12 months), and mental health variables (cognitive dysfunction, depression) were associated with functional disability. Patients from the emergency department or transferred from other hospitals and former alcohol drinkers are at risk of ADL disability. Former smoking is a risk factor for IADL disability, whereas current drinking, higher-level education, and residing in a building without elevators were likely to maintain a better IADL performance. Conclusions Functional ability declines with aging, older inpatients are low dependency upon ADL and IADL. There are several associated factors among the participants derived from this investigation of a large-scale, multicenter, nationally representative Chinese older inpatient population. These findings potentially have major importance for the planning of hospital services, discharge planning, and post-discharge care. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682 , registered August 9, 2018.