Explore the vast range of titles available.

Recent advances in deep learning have given rise to a new paradigm of holographic image reconstruction and phase recovery techniques with real-time performance. Through data-driven approaches, these emerging techniques have overcome some of the challenges associated with existing holographic image reconstruction methods while also minimizing the hardware requirements of holography. These recent advances open up a myriad of new opportunities for the use of coherent imaging systems in biomedical and engineering research and related applications.

We demonstrate that a deep neural network can be trained to virtually refocus a two-dimensional fluorescence image onto user-defined three-dimensional (3D) surfaces within the sample. Using this method, termed Deep-Z, we imaged the neuronal activity of a Caenorhabditis elegans worm in 3D using a time sequence of fluorescence images acquired at a single focal plane, digitally increasing the depth-of-field by 20-fold without any axial scanning, additional hardware or a trade-off of imaging resolution and speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this approach can correct for sample drift, tilt and other aberrations, all digitally performed after the acquisition of a single fluorescence image. This framework also cross-connects different imaging modalities to each other, enabling 3D refocusing of a single wide-field fluorescence image to match confocal microscopy images acquired at different sample planes. Deep-Z has the potential to improve volumetric imaging speed while reducing challenges relating to sample drift, aberration and defocusing that are associated with standard 3D fluorescence microscopy.

We report resolution enhancement in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images using a generative adversarial network. We demonstrate the veracity of this deep learning-based super-resolution technique by inferring unresolved features in low-resolution SEM images and comparing them with the accurately co-registered high-resolution SEM images of the same samples. Through spatial frequency analysis, we also report that our method generates images with frequency spectra matching higher resolution SEM images of the same fields-of-view. By using this technique, higher resolution SEM images can be taken faster, while also reducing both electron charging and damage to the samples.

Herein, we conceptualized a transient mediator approach that has the capability of para -selective C-H functionalization of monosubstituted aromatics. This approach is enabled by in situ generation of a versatile sulfonium salt via highly electrophilic phenoxathiine or thianthrene dication intermediate which can be readily generated from its sulfoxide with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. Preliminary mechanistic study implied that the remarkable para selectivity might be related to the incredible electrophilicity of thianthrene dication intermediate. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated via para -borylation of various monosubstituted simple aromatics combining the sulfonium salt formation with further photocatalyzed transformation.

T-helper-17 (Th17) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that can produce the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 and play vital roles in protecting the host from bacterial and fungal infections, especially at the mucosal surface. These are abundant in the small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and their differentiation are associated with the colonization of the intestinal flora. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) drew the attention of researchers due to their unique ability to drive the accumulation of Th17 cells in the SI LP of mice. Recent work has highlighted that SFB used microbial adhesion-triggered endocytosis (MATE) to transfer SFB antigenic proteins into small intestinal epithelial cells (SI ECs) and modulate host immune homeostasis. However, which components of SFB are involved in this immune response process remains unclear. Here, we examined the roles of SFB flagellins in Th17 cells induction using various techniques, including ELISA, ELISPOT, and RNA-seq and . The results show that the immune function of SFB flagellins is similar to SFB, i.e., induces the appearance of CD4+ T helper cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 (Th17 cells) in the SI LP. Furthermore, treatment of mice with SFB flagellins lead to a significant increase in the expression of genes associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. In addition, SFB flagellins have an intimate relationship with intestinal epithelial cells, influencing the expression of epithelial cell-specific genes such as Nos2, Duox2, Duoxa2, SAA3, Tat, and Lcn2. Thus, we propose that SFB flagellins play a significant role in the involvement of SFB in the induction of intestinal Th17 cells.

Azahetereocycles constitute important structural components in many biologically active natural compounds and marketed drugs, and represent the most promising scaffolds in drug discovery. Accordingly, the development of efficient and general synthetic methods for the construction of diverse azaheterocycles is the major goal in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report the efficient construction of a wide range of azaheterocycles via a Pd-catalyzed migratory cycloannulation strategy with unactivated alkenes. This strategy enables the rapid synthesis of a series of 6-, 7- and 8-membered azaheterocycles in high efficiency, and features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance under redox-neutral conditions. The significance of this finding is demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of drug-like molecules with high step-economy. Preliminary mechanistic investigations reveal that this reaction underwent a sequentially migratory insertion to alkenes, metal migration process, and the aza-Michael addition to a quinone methide intermediate. Azahetereocycles represent promising scaffolds in drug discovery. Here, the authors report a Pd-catalyzed migratory cycloannulation strategy for efficient construction of a wide range of azahetereocycles from unactivated aliphatic alkenes.

Increasingly, non-pharmacological interventions are being identified and applied to post-stroke dysphagia. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence to assess which type of interventions are more effective. In this study, the randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions on post-stroke dysphagia were retrieved from the relevant databases. Including 96 studies and 12 non-drug treatments. Then, and the network meta-analysis is carried out by statistical software. The results show: In the aspects of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA), swallowing-quality of life (SWAL-QOL), Water swallow test (WST); Acupuncture + electrotherapy + rehabilitation training, acupuncture + rehabilitation training + massage, electrotherapy + rehabilitation training, acupuncture + electrotherapy + rehabilitation training, electrotherapy, acupuncture + rehabilitation training + acupoints sticking application have significant effects in post-stroke dysphagia. Compared with other interventions, they have more advantages in improving the above indicators. A substantial number of high-quality randomized clinical trials are still necessary in the prospective to validate the therapeutic effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in post-stroke dysphagia and the results of this Bayesian network meta-analysis.

The transition metal-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes offers an efficient solution for the rapid construction of complex functional molecules, and significant progress has been made during last decades. However, the hydrofunctionalization of internal alkenes remains a significant challenge due to low reactivity and the difficulties of controlling the regioselectivity. Here, we report the hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation of internal alkenes lacking a directing group with aryl and alkenyl boronic acids in the presence of a nickel catalyst, featuring a broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance under redox-neutral conditions. The key to achieving this reaction is the identification of a bulky 1-adamantyl β -diketone ligand, which is capable of overcoming the low reactivity of internal 1,2-disubstituted alkenes. Preliminary mechanistic studies unveiled that this reaction undergoes an Ar-Ni(II)-H initiated hydroarylation process, which is generated by the oxidative addition of alcoholic solvent with Ni(0) species and sequential transmetalation. In addition, the oxidative addition of the alcoholic solvent proves to be the turnover-limiting step. The hydrocarbofunctionalization of alkenes represents one of the most efficient methods for generating complex products from simple starting materials. Here, the authors report a bulky β-diketone-ligand-enabled hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation of internal alkenes.

The histological analysis of tissue samples, widely used for disease diagnosis, involves lengthy and laborious tissue preparation. Here, we show that a convolutional neural network trained using a generative adversarial-network model can transform wide-field autofluorescence images of unlabelled tissue sections into images that are equivalent to the bright-field images of histologically stained versions of the same samples. A blind comparison, by board-certified pathologists, of this virtual staining method and standard histological staining using microscopic images of human tissue sections of the salivary gland, thyroid, kidney, liver and lung, and involving different types of stain, showed no major discordances. The virtual-staining method bypasses the typically labour-intensive and costly histological staining procedures, and could be used as a blueprint for the virtual staining of tissue images acquired with other label-free imaging modalities. Deep learning can be used to virtually stain autofluorescence images of unlabelled tissue sections, generating images that are equivalent to the histologically stained versions.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) assisted interbody fusion on the functional recovery of patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). From October 2021 to October 2022, 132 patients with LDH were selected as the research objects. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different surgical methods, LDH patients were divided into experimental group and control group (n = 66). The control group underwent conventional posterior lumbar open interbody fusion surgery, while the experimental group received interbody fusion surgery assisted by UBE. The clinical efficacy and perioperative indicators (operation time, total blood loss, 48 h postoperative drainage volume, and length of hospital stay) were recorded and compared between the two groups. The lumbar spine imaging parameters (lumbar lordosis index, posterior disc height, intervertebral space height, and Cobb Angle) before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Lumbar function was evaluated using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHO-QOL-BREF). The incidence of complications after treatment was compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify influencing factors. In terms of low back pain improvement, the effective rate of the experimental group was 96.97%, which was significantly higher than 80.30% of the control group (P < 0.01). In terms of leg pain improvement, the effective rate of the experimental group was 95.45%, which was significantly higher than 75.76% of the control group (P < 0.01). The operation time and length of hospital stay in the experimental group were shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The total blood loss and 48 h postoperative drainage volume in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group (P < 0.001). The lumbar lordosis index and posterior disc height of the two groups after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (P < 0.05). The intervertebral space height and Cobb Angle of the two groups after operation were significantly lower than those before operation (P < 0.05). The improvement of lumbar imaging parameters in the experimental group after operation was significantly better than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The JOA scores of the two groups after operation were significantly higher than those before operation, and the VAS scores of low back pain and leg pain and ODI scores were significantly lower than those before operation (P < 0.05). The improvement of the above indexes in the experimental group after operation was significantly better than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The incidence of complications in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The WHOQOL-BREF scores of the two groups after surgery were significantly higher than those before surgery (P < 0.05). The improvement of WHOQOL-BREF score in the experimental group after surgery was significantly better than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that UBE-assisted interbody fusion was an independent protective factor for good clinical efficacy in patients with LDH after adjusting the covariates of clinical symptom distribution, trauma history and Modic changes (P < 0.05). UBE interbody fusion has certain clinical advantages in the treatment of LDH. Compared with conventional open surgery, UBE interbody fusion has less bleeding and faster postoperative recovery. Moreover, UBE interbody fusion can relieve the symptoms of low back pain, promote the recovery of lumbar function and improve the quality of life. UBE interbody fusion is a safe and feasible choice in clinical treatment.