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The deep learning method for natural-image object detection tasks has made tremendous progress in recent decades. However, due to multiscale targets, complex backgrounds, and high-scale small targets, methods from the field of natural images frequently fail to produce satisfactory results when applied to aerial images. To address these problems, we proposed the DET-YOLO enhancement based on YOLOv4. Initially, we employed a vision transformer to acquire highly effective global information extraction capabilities. In the transformer, we proposed deformable embedding instead of linear embedding and a full convolution feedforward network (FCFN) instead of a feedforward network in order to reduce the feature loss caused by cutting in the embedding process and improve the spatial feature extraction capability. Second, for improved multiscale feature fusion in the neck, we employed a depth direction separable deformable pyramid module (DSDP) rather than a feature pyramid network. Experiments on the DOTA, RSOD, and UCAS-AOD datasets demonstrated that our method’s average accuracy (mAP) values reached 0.728, 0.952, and 0.945, respectively, which were comparable to the existing state-of-the-art methods.

In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is proposed to improve the biosensor’s sensitivity. In this sensor, different kinds of two-dimensional TMDCs are coated on both surfaces of metal film. By optimizing the structural parameters, the angular sensitivity can reach as high as 315.5 Deg/RIU with 7-layers WS2 and 36 nm Al thin film, which is 3.3 times of the conventional structure based on single Al thin film. We also obtain maximum phase sensitivity (3.85 × 106 Deg/RIU) with bilayer WS2 and 35 nm Al thin film. The phase sensitivity can be further improved by employing Ag and removing air layer. The proposed configuration is of great potential for biochemical sensing.

Stand transpiration (T) is an important process in the forest hydrological cycle, influenced by environmental factors such as potential evapotranspiration (PET) and relative extractable water (REW). Clarifying the independent effects and interactions of environmental factors on T can help to better understand the mechanisms of ecohydrological control of forest water use. In this study, the independent contributions of PET and REW to T and their interactions were quantified through field observations, modeling, and factor analysis in the secondary birch forest of the southern Greater Khingan Mountains. First, observations were made of sap density, meteorological variables, and REW over three growing seasons. Second, a T-coupled model (R² = 0.68, NSE = 0.7) was developed based on long-term observations of T, PET, and REW. Finally, the factorial analysis showed that PET was the main driver affecting T changes compared to REW and the interaction between PET and REW. The relative contribution of PET to T was 7.8%, 11.1%, and 10.7% in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. REW limited 1.8%, 12.3%, and 9.7% of T change in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, compared to the mean of these three years. Our study provides a simple and feasible way to separate the effects of PET and REW on T change and may deepen the understanding of the effects of different environmental factors on T.

This paper is concerned with intermittent control issues for a class of complex cyber‐physical systems with actuator saturation and mixed time delays under multiple attacks. It is assumed that mixed delays are composed of distributed state delays and time‐varying input delays, and two stochastic variables obeying the Bernoulli distributions are utilized to characterize the occurrence probability of malicious attacks. In such a framework, the discrete‐delayed model incorporating the characteristics of mixed delays and multiple attacks is established for the complex cyber‐physical systems. Sufficient conditions are derived with the help of Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality technology, and an intermittent controller is proposed to guarantee the exponential stability of complex cyber‐physical systems. Finally, two illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed control method.

The cross-linked γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (CL-CD-MOF) was synthesized by crosslinking γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (γ-CD-MOF) with diphenyl carbonate to separate benzene series and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The separation ability of the CL-CD-MOF packed column was assessed in both reverse-phase (RP-) and normal-phase (NP-) modes. The retention mechanisms of these compounds were discussed and confirmed by combining molecular simulations in detail. It was found that baseline separation could be obtained in RP-HPLC mode and it was superior to commercial C18 column in separating xylene isomers. The interaction between CL-CD-MOF and analytes, such as dipole-dipole interaction, π-electron transfer interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals force, may dominate the chromatographic separation, and CL-CD-MOF column had a certain shape recognition ability. In addition, the composition of the mobile phase also had a crucial effect. Moreover, the column demonstrated satisfactory stability and repeatability (the relative standard deviations of retention time, peak height, peak area, and half peak width for six replicate separations of the tested analytes were within the ranges 0.17–1.1%, 0.96–1.9%, 0.23–1.7%, and 0.32–1.9%, respectively) and there was no significant change in the separation efficiency for at least 3 years of use. Thermodynamic characteristics indicated that the process of separations on the CL-CD-MOF column was both negative enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) controlled. The excellent performance made CL-CD-MOF a promising HPLC stationary phase material for separation and determination of benzene series and PAHs. Graphical abstract

Against the backdrop of digital economy expansion and mounting green transformation pressure, how digital investment drives cross-organizational green upgrading has become a central issue in supply chain governance. Integrating agency structure theory and embedded governance theory, this study examines whether enterprises’ digital investment promotes supplier green transformation. Using data from listed firms in China’s A-share electronic information manufacturing sector from 2010 to 2024, this study finds that digital investment significantly enhances supplier green transformation through collaborative and financial mechanisms, generating green spillover effects along the supply chain. This effect is more pronounced among non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises with older management teams, higher ownership concentration, greater customer concentration, and those located in regions with stronger market development and better digital infrastructure. Further analysis shows that suppliers’ digital investment does not significantly improve clients’ green transformation, suggesting asymmetric spillover effects, which can be alleviated by reputation and information effects. This study enriches research on digital governance, green supply chain collaboration, and cross-enterprise green transformation.

Background Patients with hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) usually present with forearm deformity with or without radial head dislocation. Ulna lengthening has been proposed to address this condition. Exostosis resection plus ulna lengthening has been adopted in our hospital since 2008, and patients with this condition were retrospectively reviewed. Herein, we aimed to investigate the optimal timing and clinical outcomes of this surgical approach. Methods In all, thirty-five patients (40 forearms), including 22 boys and 13 girls, were enrolled in our study from July 2014 to September 2020. We divided the patients into 4 groups based on the age when they received surgery and the status of the radial head. Pronation and supination of the forearm, flexion and extension of the elbow, wrist ulnar deviation and wrist radial deviation, and radiological parameters including ulnar length (UL), ulnar variance (UV), the percentage of radial bowing (RB/RL), radio articular angle (RAA) and carpal slip (CS), were assessed and recorded. Results The mean UL was significantly improved after surgery in four Groups ( P <0.05). In patients with radial head dislocation, we found significant improvement in forearm, wrist function and elbow flexion ( p  < 0.05). For the patients with radial head dislocation, the juniors demonstrated better improvement in % RB and RAA ( p <0.05, p  = 0.003 and 0.031). Conclusion Exostosis resection and ulna lengthening with unilateral external fixation can effectively improve the function and radiological parameters of forearm deformity in HME children. For patients with radial head dislocation, early surgery can achieve better results. For patients not associated with radial head dislocation, we recommend regular follow-up and surgical treatment after 10 years of age.

Based on the ventilation characteristics of the gob-side entry retaining face, a mathematical model of spontaneous combustion in the gob-side entry retaining face is established. From the overburden caving of the goaf along the goaf retaining roadway, the development characteristics of rock strata and residual coal fissures in the goaf are summarized and analyzed. In addition, by using numerical simulation software, the effects of normal mining period, goaf retaining roadway as return air roadway, air leakage prevention, and nitrogen injection measures in goaf on spontaneous combustion in goaf are studied, and the distribution characteristics of flow field, oxygen concentration field and temperature field in goaf are obtained. The results show that the mining of the Geng 20 working face has a significant impact on the Geng 19 coal seam. The Geng 19 coal seam is in the range of fracture zone, and the fracture is well developed. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient of the Geng 19 coal seam increases sharply, air leakage in the goaf is increased along the goaf retaining roadway, and the range of oxygen concentration is enlarged, which results in a temperature rise in the goaf. Therefore, air leakage measures are proposed along the goaf to inject 900 m3/h of nitrogen into the goaf, which can prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal left over in the goaf. In addition, according to the characteristics of fracture development and numerical simulation of spontaneous combustion in goaf under the goaf retaining roadway, the hierarchical prevention, control, and fire extinguishing technology system of the goaf retaining roadway is constructed.

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel is considered as a promising candidate structural material for nuclear applications. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Y4Zr3O12-added Fe–13.5Cr–2W ODS steels, containing high contents of C and N, prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and two-step spark plasma sintering (SPS), were investigated. The results showed that pure Y4Zr3O12 powders, with a grain size of 3.5 nm, were well prepared with NH3·H2O addition by the sol-gel method in advance, in order to avoid the formation of some coarse or undesired oxides. W was completely dissolved into the matrix after 48 h of ball milling at 300 rpm, and the main elements were uniformly distributed on the surface of the milled powders. The unexpected face-centered cubic (FCC, γ)/body-centered cubic (BCC, α) dual-phase structure of the sintered specimens, could be explained by the unexpectedly high contents of C and N from the raw powder production process, fast-sintering characteristic of SPS, and inhibitory effect of W on the diffusion of C. The experimental results were approximately consistent with the simulation results from the Thermo Calc software. The temperature combination of 800 °C and 1100 °C during the SPS process, provided a relatively more homogeneous microstructure, while the combination of 750 °C and 1150 °C, provided the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS), of 1038 MPa, with the highest uniform elongation (UE), of 6.2%. M23C6, Cr2O3, M2(C,N), and other precipitates, were mainly distributed at grain boundaries, especially at the triple junctions, which led to Cr depletion at grain boundaries.

Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) represents a severe ocular complication in thyroid eye disease (TED) that can lead to vision loss. Although surgical decompression is a well-established treatment modality, the optimal decompression area remains controversial in orbital decompression surgery. Purpose: This study aims to develop and validate a finite element analysis (FEA) model of DON to compare the biomechanical behavior between patients undergoing conventional or augmented orbital decompression surgery, with potential clinical implications for surgical planning. Methods: FEA models were established using magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with myopathic TED. Pre-disease, preoperative, and postoperative FEA models were developed for both the conventional orbital decompression group and the augmented group, in which the posteromedial floor and the orbital process of the palatine bone were additionally removed to analyze the stress distribution and displacement of the optic nerve, eyeball, and orbital wall. A retrospective analysis was performed to validate the biomechanical analysis results. Results: The FEA results reveal that DON patients experience higher stress on the optic nerve, eyeball, and orbital wall than healthy individuals, mainly concentrated at the orbital apex. Postoperatively, the stress on the optic nerve was significantly reduced in both groups. In addition, postoperative stress on the optic nerve was significantly lower in the augmented group than in the conventional group. The clinical results demonstrate that patients in the augmented group experienced significantly faster and more pronounced improvements in visual acuity and visual field. Conclusions: FEA shows that augmented orbital decompression surgery can alleviate stress more effectively, especially for the optic nerve, which was validated by clinical analysis. This developed FEA model of DON may facilitate determining the appropriate surgical procedure for orbital decompression.