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"Wu, Yong"
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The state and society of China : a century long ensemble of \Great Power\ and \New Citizens\
This book places the topic of the state and society in the context of modern development in China over the past century, investigating the dynamic relation and internal tension between the state's power enhancement and society's vitality activation instead of simply regarding the country and society as two separate entities. Building a modern country and activating the people's vitality involves three closely linked and mutually supporting aspects: establishing the identity recognition of the people to unite the nation; adjusting the organizational system of the society to promote mobilization and institute a social incentive system; and determining dominant strategies and means for the interaction between the country and society to address social-governance issues. This book carefully sheds light on the logic behind China's roundabout strategy for building a modern country and motivating the vitality of its people.
Book
Estimating the burden of foodborne gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China
To estimate the incidence of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica , Shigella , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China, population surveys and sentinel hospital surveillance were implemented in six provinces from July 2010 to July 2011, and a multiplier calculation model for the burden of disease was constructed. The multiplier for salmonellosis and V . parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis was estimated at 4,137 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2,320–5,663], and for shigellosis at 4,356 (95% CI 2,443–5,963). Annual incidence per 100,000 population was estimated as 245 (95% CI 138–336), 67 (95% CI 38–92), and 806 (95% CI 452–1,103) for foodborne salmonellosis, shigellosis, and V . parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis, respectively, indicating that foodborne infection caused by these three pathogens constitutes an important burden to the Chinese healthcare system. Continuous implementation of active surveillance of foodborne diseases, combined with multiplier models to estimate disease burden, makes it possible for us to better understand food safety status in China.
Journal Article
Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine
Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and are emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such as massive production, standard isolation, drug loading, stability and quality control. In recent years, artificial exosomes are emerging based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes. Major types of artificial exosomes include ‘nanovesicles (NVs)’, ‘exosome-mimetic (EM)’ and ‘hybrid exosomes (HEs)’, which are obtained by top-down, bottom-up and biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial exosomes are powerful alternatives to natural exosomes for drug delivery. Here, we outline recent advances in artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology and discuss their strengths, limitations and future perspectives. The development of artificial exosomes holds great values for translational nanomedicine.
Journal Article
Cancer cell-derived exosomal circUSP7 induces CD8+ T cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance by regulating the miR-934/SHP2 axis in NSCLC
Background
CD8
+
T cells play a critical role in the innate antitumour immune response. Recently, CD8
+
T cell dysfunction has been verified in various malignant cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the molecular biological mechanisms of CD8
+
T cell dysfunction in human NSCLC are still unclear.
Methods
The expression of circular ubiquitin-specific protease-7 (circUSP7) in NSCLC tissues, exosomes, and cell lines was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of NSCLC cells and the plasma of NSCLC patients using an ultracentrifugation method and the ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Solution kit. The exosomes were then characterized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), NanoSight and western blotting. The role of circUSP7 in CD8
+
T cell dysfunction was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vivo circular RNA (circRNA) precipitation (circRIP), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of circUSP7 in CD8
+
T cells. In a retrospective study, the clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of circUSP7 in NSCLC tissues were determined.
Results
The expression levels of circUSP7 were higher in human NSCLC tissues than in matched adjacent nontumour tissues. Increased levels of circUSP7 indicate poor clinical prognosis and CD8
+
T cell dysfunction in patients with NSCLC. The circUSP7 found in NSCLC patient plasma is predominantly secreted by NSCLC cells in an exosomal manner, and circUSP7 inhibits IFN-γ, TNF-α, Granzyme-B and Perforin secretion by CD8
+
T cells. Furthermore, circUSP7 inhibits CD8
+
T cell function by upregulating the expression of Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) via sponging miR-934. Finally, we show that circUSP7 may promote resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in NSCLC patients.
Conclusions
Exosomal circUSP7 is predominantly secreted by NSCLC cells and contributes to immunosuppression by promoting CD8
+
T cell dysfunction in NSCLC. CircUSP7 induces resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients.
Journal Article
Preservation of small extracellular vesicles for functional analysis and therapeutic applications: a comparative evaluation of storage conditions
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles involved in multiple biological functions. Small EVs (sEVs) are emerging as therapeutics and drug delivery systems for their contents, natural carrier properties, and nanoscale size. Despite various clinical application potentials, little is known about the effects of storage conditions on sEVs for functional analysis and therapeutic use. In this study, we evaluated the stability of sEVs stored at 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C up to 28 days and compared them to fresh sEVs. Also, the effect of freeze-thawing circles on the quantity of sEVs was assessed. We found that different storage temperatures, along with shelf life, impact the stability of sEVs when compared to freshly isolated sEVs. Storage changes the size distribution, decreases quantity and contents, and impacts cellular uptake and biodistribution of sEVs. For functional studies, isolated sEVs are suggested to be analyzed freshly or stored at 4 °C or −20 °C for short-term preservation depending on study design; but −80 °C condition would be more preferable for long-term preservation of sEVs for therapeutic application.
Journal Article
Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Background
To systematically review the epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Four electronic databases were searched up until December 2018. The manual search included the reference lists of the included studies and relevant journals. Observational studies evaluating the relationship between T2DM and periodontitis were included
.
Meta-analyses were conducted using STATA.
Results
A total of 53 observational studies were included. The Adjusted T2DM prevalence was significantly higher in periodontitis patients (OR = 4.04,
p
= 0.000), and vice versa (OR = 1.58, p = 0.000). T2DM patients had significantly worse periodontal status, as reflected in a 0.61 mm deeper periodontal pocket, a 0.89 mm higher attachment loss and approximately 2 more lost teeth (all
p
= 0.000), than those without T2DM. The results of the cohort studies found that T2DM could elevate the risk of developing periodontitis by 34% (
p
= 0.002). The glycemic control of T2DM patients might result in different periodontitis outcomes. Severe periodontitis increased the incidence of T2DM by 53% (
p
= 0.000), and this result was stable. In contrast, the impact of mild periodontitis on T2DM incidence (RR = 1.28,
p
= 0.007) was less robust.
Conclusions
There is an evident bidirectional relationship between T2DM and periodontitis. Further well-designed cohort studies are needed to confirm this finding. Our results suggest that both dentists and physicians need to be aware of the strong connection between periodontitis and T2DM. Controlling these two diseases might help prevent each other’s incidence.
Journal Article
The host–guest inclusion driven by host-stabilized charge transfer for construction of sequentially red-shifted mechanochromic system
Developing more extensive methods to understand the underlying structure-property relationship of mechanochromic luminescent molecules is demanding but remains challenging. Herein, the effect of host-guest interaction on the mechanochromic properties of organic molecules is illustrated. A series of pyridinium-functionalized triphenylamine derivatives show bathochromic-shifted emission upon mechanical stimulation. These derivatives bind to cucurbit[8]uril to form homoternary host-guest inclusion complexes through host-stabilized intermolecular charge transfer interactions. Remarkably, the homoternary complexes exhibit longer emission than that of free guests in the solid state (even longer than ground guests), and a further bathochromic-shifted emission is observed upon grinding. Additionally, a heteroternary complex constructed through the encapsulation of pyrene (donor) and pyridinium (acceptor) guest pair in cucurbit[8]uril also displays the mechanochromic luminescent property. This work not only discloses the effect of host-guest inclusion on the mechanochromic property of organic molecules, but also provides a principle and a facile way to design the sequentially red-shifted mechanochromic materials.
The understanding of the structure-property relationship of mechanochromic luminescent molecules remains challenging. Here, the authors elucidate the effect of host-guest interactions on the mechanochromic properties of organic molecules.
Journal Article