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Background China is facing challenges of the shifting presentation of tuberculosis (TB) from younger to elderly due to an ageing population, longer life expectancy and reactivation disease. However, the burden of elderly TB and influence factors are not yet clear. To fill the gap, we generated a cohort study to measure the magnitude of TB incidence and associated factors among the elderly population aged 65 years and above in China. Methods In this cohort established in 2013 through a prevalence survey conducted in selected sites, a total of 34 076 elderlies without TB were enrolled into two-year follow-up. We used both active and passive case findings to find out all TB patients among them. The person-year (PY) incidence rates for both bacteriologically positive TB and active TB were calculated. Cox proportional regression model was performed to test effect of risk factors, and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of each risk factor contributing to incident TB among elderlies was calculated. Results Over the two-year follow-up period, a total of 215 incident active TB were identified, 62 of which were bacteriologically positive. The incidence rates for active TB and bacteriologically positive TB were 481.8 per 100 000 PY (95% CI : 417.4–546.2 per 100 000 PY) and 138.9 per 100 000 PY (95% CI : 104.4–173.5 per 100 000 PY), respectively. Incident cases detected by active case finding were significantly higher ( P  < 0.001). Male, non-Han nationality, previously treated TB, ex/current smoker and body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 presented as independent predictors for developing TB disease. For developing bacteriologically positive TB, the biggest contribution was from self-reported ex or current smoker (18.06%). And, for developing active TB, the biggest contribution was from non-Han nationality (35.40%), followed by male (26.80%) and age at 75 years and above (10.85%). Conclusions Ageing population in China had a high TB incidence rate and risk to develop TB disease, implying that National TB Program (NTP) needs to prioritize for elderly. Active case finding should be applied capture more active TB cases among this particular population, especially for male, non-Han nationality, and those with identified risk factors.

Recently, the major challenge in treating osteosarcoma patients is the metastatic disease, most commonly in the lungs. However, the underlying mechanism of recurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma after surgical resection of primary tumor remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether the pulmonary metastases characteristic of osteosarcoma is associated with surgical treatment and whether surgery contributes to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in the distant lung tissue. In the current study, the authors observe the presence of circulating tumor cells in patients undergoing surgical resection of osteosarcoma which is correlated to tumor recurrence. The pulmonary infiltrations of neutrophils and Gr‐1 + myeloid cells are characterized to form a pre‐metastatic niche upon the exposure of circulating tumor cells after surgical resection. It is found that mitochondrial damage‐associated molecular patterns released from surgical resection contribute to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in lung through IL‐1β secretion. This study reveals that surgical management for osteosarcoma, irrespective of the primary tumor, might promote the formation of postoperative pre‐metastatic niche in lung which is with important implications for developing rational therapies during peri‐operative period.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nurse-led multidisciplinary cooperation in the early screening and protection of fecal water dermatitis in hospitalized patients with enterostomy. An enterostomy management team led by nurses with multidisciplinary cooperation was established to investigate the current situation of fecal water dermatitis in patients with enterostomy in our hospital, and the causes of fecal water dermatitis were analyzed. Based on the evidence-based results, the management plan for the prevention of fecal water dermatitis in patients with enterostomy was implemented. The related indicators before and after the implementation of a nurse-led multidisciplinary cooperation management program were compared. The incidence of fecal water dermatitis in patients with enterostomy decreased from 45.56% to 20.73%, the screening rate of nutritional risk for patients with enterostomy increased from 45.57% to 97.56%, the accuracy of stoma positioning by nurses was increased from 65.82% to 98.78%, the incidence of basement warping in enterostomy was decreased from 29.80% to 1.95%, the incidence of fecal water leakage decreased from 50.76% to 22.53%, the 1-hour leakage rate of stoma basement increased from 4.48% to 97.29%, the awareness rate of patients' related knowledge increased from 43.03% to 80.48%, and the average score of self-care ability of patients (family members) increased from 99.5 to 126.7. Patients' mean quality of life scores increased from 80.73 to 98.57, and patients' mean self-efficacy scores increased from 78.34 to 99.26. The differences in the above indicators were statistically significant ( < 0.01). Nurse-led multidisciplinary cooperation can improve early screening and protection of fecal water dermatitis in hospitalized patients with enterostomy and improve the quality of life of patients.

Natural products are treasure houses for modern drug discovery. Diphyllin is a natural arylnaphthalene lignan lactone isolated from the leaf of Astilboides tabularis. Studies have found that it possesses plenty of bioactivity characteristics. In this paper, we reviewed the structure, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of diphyllin and its derivatives. The references were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases up to August 2023. Papers without a bio-evaluation were excluded. Diphyllin and its derivatives have demonstrated V-ATPase inhibition, anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. The most studied activities of diphyllin and its derivatives are V-ATPase inhibition, anti-tumor activities, and anti-virus activities. Furthermore, V-ATPase inhibition activity is the mechanism of many bioactivities, including anti-tumor, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory activities. We also found that the galactosylated modification of diphyllin is a common phenomenon in plants, and therefore, galactosylated modification is applied by researchers in the laboratory to obtain more excellent diphyllin derivatives. This review will provide useful information for the development of diphyllin-based anti-tumor and anti-virus compounds.

Background Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) commonly occurs among adolescents, threatening their health. However, the potential mechanism underlying LCPD remains unclear. miR-214-3p is shown as a critical role in LCPD development with unspecified upstream regulators. Methods Levels of miR-214-3p and circCDR1as in healthy controls and LCPD patients were determined by qRT-PCR. The role of circCDR1as/miR-214-3p axis in LCPD was determined by testing the cell viability and apoptosis in TC28 cells and primary chondrocytes. Regulation between circCDR1as and miR-214-3p was examined by RIP and ChIP assays. The inflammatory response and angiogenesis were evaluated by M2 macrophage polarization and HUVECs tumor formation. Results circCDR1as was overexpressed in LCPD patients with a negative correlation with miR-214-3p. Inhibition of circCDR1as alleviated the cell viability and apoptosis of DEX-treated chondrocytes, stimulated M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis. miR-214-3p was proved as a downstream effector to participate in circCDR1as mediated actions. circCDR1as recruited PRC2 complex to epigenetically suppress miR-214-3p. Conclusion Our study illustrated the role and mechanism of circCDR1as in LCPD development by targeting miR-214-3p, highlighting its potential in the therapy for LCPD.

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine, causing tremendous economic loss in the grape and wine industry. The disease agent is an obligate biotrophic oomycete, from which over 100 candidate RXLR effectors have been identified. In this study, 83 candidate RXLR effector genes ( ) were cloned from the isolate \"JL-7-2\" genome. The results of the yeast signal sequence trap assay indicated that most of the candidate effectors are secretory proteins. The biological activities and subcellular localizations of all the 83 effectors were analyzed via a heterologous -mediated expression system. Results showed that 52 effectors could completely suppress cell death triggered by elicitin, 10 effectors could partially suppress cell death, 11 effectors were unable to suppress cell death, and 10 effectors themselves triggered cell death. Live-cell imaging showed that the majority of the effectors (76 of 83) could be observed with informative fluorescence signals in plant cells, among which 34 effectors were found to be targeted to both the nucleus and cytosol, 29 effectors were specifically localized in the nucleus, and 9 effectors were targeted to plant membrane system. Interestingly, three effectors PvRXLR61, 86 and 161 were targeted to chloroplasts, and one effector PvRXLR54 was dually targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, western blot analysis suggested that only PvRXLR86 carried a cleavable -terminal transit peptide and underwent processing . Many effectors have previously been predicted to target organelles, however, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide experimental evidence of oomycete effectors targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Two-dimensional (2D) V2C MXene has fascinating potential for use as electrodes in high-energy-density supercapacitors because of its excellent electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. However, it is not feasible to synthesize V2C by etching vanadium carbon aluminide (V2AlC) with hydrofluoric acid, which is commonly used for preparing other MXenes. In this work, a modified method is developed for synthesizing high-quality 2D V2C. A mixture of sodium fluoride (NaF) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used as the etching agent, where V2AlC can be gently etched by a hydrothermal reactor-assisted method. As electrode materials for supercapacitors, V2C shows the characteristics of electric double layer capacitance. The electrochemical results show high specific capacitance (223.5 F/g in 1 M Na2SO4 at a current density of 100 mA/g) and good cycling stability (the capacitance retention rate can be maintained at 94.7% after 5000 cycles). This work provides a new method for the synthesis of high-quality V2C for application in related fields.

Urban green spaces provide a host of ecosystem services, the quantity and structure of which play an important role in human well-being. Rapid urbanization may modify urban green spaces, having various effects on plant diversity. Tropical coastal cities have urbanized rapidly in recent decades, but few studies have been conducted with a focus on their green spaces. We studied the responses of cultivated and spontaneous plants, both key components of urban flora, to the landscape structure of urban green spaces and possible social drivers. We analyzed existing relationships between plant diversity indices, urban green space landscape metrics (using Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) data,), and social factors, including the type, population density, construction age, and GPS coordinates of each Urban Functional Unit, or UFU. We found that UFUs with more green space patches had higher cultivated and spontaneous species richness than those with fewer green space patches. Spontaneous species richness decreased when green space patches became fragmented, and it increased when green space patches were more connected (e.g., via land bridges). Conversely, cultivated species richness increased with green space patch fragmentation. The phylogenetic diversity of both cultivated and spontaneous plants were weakly associated with green space structure, which was strongly driven by land use. Old UFUs and those with larger populations had more green space patches overall, although they tended to be small and fragmented. Green space patch density was found to increase as the UFU age increased. From the viewpoint of knowledge transfer, understanding the effects and drivers of landscape patterns of urban green spaces could inform the development of improved policies and management of urban green space areas.

The overall picture of degloving skin and soft tissue injuries (DSTI) remains a blank space in China. Therefore, a retrospective study was designed to summarize the current situation of this injury. Patients diagnosed with DSTI hospitalized between 2013 and 2018 were identified from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) database, of whom demographics, injury characteristics, hospitalization and cost information were analyzed. A total of 62,709 patients were enrolled in this study. Male sex predominated, with a mean age of 43.01 ± 19.70 years. Peasants seemed to be the most vulnerable. East China and Hubei province had the most patients. The most and least frequently injured anatomic site were lower extremity and torso, respectively. Traffic-related accidents and summer accounted for the highest proportion in terms of injury mechanism and season. The operation rate of DSTI roughly showed a growing trend, and the average length of stay was 22.02 ± 29.73 days. At discharge, 0.93% of DSTI patients ended up in death. Medicine accounted mostly for hospitalization cost, while the proportion decreased year by year. More than half DSTI patients paid at their own charge. This study made a relatively detailed description of DSTI patients nationwide, and might provide enlightenments for better prevention and treatment.