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"Xiao, Li"
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Association of body mass index and age with incident diabetes in Chinese adults: a population-based cohort study
ObjectiveType 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in young adults, and greater adiposity is considered a major risk factor. However, whether there is an association between obesity and diabetes and how this might be impacted by age is not clear. Therefore, we investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and diabetes across a wide range of age groups (20–30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–60, 60–70 and ≥70 years old).DesignWe performed a retrospective cohort study using healthy screening programme data.SettingA total of 211 833 adult Chinese persons >20 years old across 32 sites and 11 cities in China (Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou, Shenzhen, Changzhou, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hefei, Wuhan, Nantong) were selected for the study; these persons were free of diabetes at baseline.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFasting plasma glucose levels were measured and information regarding the history of diabetes was collected at each visit. Diabetes was diagnosed as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.00 mmol/L and/or self-reported diabetes. Patients were censored at the date of diagnosis or the final visit, whichever came first.ResultsWith a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 4174 of the 211 833 participants developed diabetes, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.35 per 1000 persons. The risk of incident diabetes increased proportionally with increasing baseline BMI values, with a 23% increased risk of incident diabetes with each kg/m2 increase in BMI (95% CI 1.22 to 1.24). Across all age groups, there was a linear association between BMI and the risk of incident diabetes, although there was a stronger association between BMI and incident diabetes in the younger age groups (age×BMI interaction, p<0.0001).ConclusionsAn increased BMI is also independently associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes in young adults and the effects of BMI on incident diabetes were accentuated in younger adults.
Journal Article
Handelin alleviates cachexia‐ and aging‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy by improving protein homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation
Background Handelin is a bioactive compound from Chrysanthemum indicum L. that improves motor function and muscle integrity during aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. This study aimed to further evaluate the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of handelin in a mouse muscle atrophy model induced by cachexia and aging. Methods A tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐induced atrophy model was used to examine handelin activity in cultured C2C12 myotubes in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated 8‐week‐old model mice and 23‐month‐old (aged) mice were used to examine the therapeutic effects of handelin on cachexia‐ and aging‐induced muscle atrophy, respectively, in vivo. Protein and mRNA expressions were analysed by Western blotting, ELISA and quantitative PCR, respectively. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by histological analysis. Results Handelin treatment resulted in an upregulation of protein levels of early (MyoD and myogenin) and late (myosin heavy chain, MyHC) differentiation markers in C2C12 myotubes (P < 0.05), and enhanced mitochondrial respiratory (P < 0.05). In TNF‐α‐induced myotube atrophy model, handelin maintained MyHC protein levels, increased insulin‐like growth factor (Igf1) mRNA expression and phosphorylated protein kinase B protein levels (P < 0.05). Handelin also reduced atrogin‐1 expression, inhibited nuclear factor‐κB activation and reduced mRNA levels of interleukin (Il)6, Il1b and chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1) (P < 0.05). In LPS‐treated mice, handelin increased body weight (P < 0.05), the weight (P < 0.01) and cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the soleus muscle (P < 0.0001) and improved motor function (P < 0.05). In aged mice, handelin slightly increased the weight of the tibialis anterior muscle (P = 0.06) and CSA of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles (P < 0.0001). In the tibialis anterior muscle of aged mice, handelin upregulated mRNA levels of Igf1 (P < 0.01), anti‐inflammatory cytokine Il10 (P < 0.01), mitochondrial biogenesis genes (P < 0.05) and antioxidant‐related enzymes (P < 0.05) and strengthened Sod and Cat enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Handelin also reduced lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, downregulated mRNA levels of Fbxo32, Mstn, Cxcl1, Il1b and Tnf (P < 0.05), and decreased IL‐1β levels in serum (P < 0.05). Knockdown of Hsp70 or using an Hsp70 inhibitor abolished the ameliorating effects of handelin on myotube atrophy. Conclusions Handelin ameliorated cachexia‐ and aging‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo, by maintaining homeostasis of protein synthesis and degradation, possibly by inhibiting inflammation. Handelin is a potentially promising drug candidate for the treatment of muscle wasting.
Journal Article
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19
We report acute antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 285 patients with COVID-19. Within 19 days after symptom onset, 100% of patients tested positive for antiviral immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Seroconversion for IgG and IgM occurred simultaneously or sequentially. Both IgG and IgM titers plateaued within 6 days after seroconversion. Serological testing may be helpful for the diagnosis of suspected patients with negative RT–PCR results and for the identification of asymptomatic infections.
A cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and a longitudinal follow-up study of patients with COVID-19 suggest that SARS-CoV2-specific IgG or IgM seroconversion occurs within 20 days post symptom onset.
Journal Article
Hypoxia and the Tumor Microenvironment
Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment, and is closely associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism and the tumor immune response. All these factors can further promote tumor progression, increase tumor aggressiveness, enhance tumor metastatic potential and lead to poor prognosis. In this review, these effects of hypoxia on tumor biology will be discussed, along with their significance for tumor detection and treatment.
Journal Article
Plant Disease Resistance-Related Signaling Pathways: Recent Progress and Future Prospects
Plant–pathogen interactions induce a signal transmission series that stimulates the plant’s host defense system against pathogens and this, in turn, leads to disease resistance responses. Plant innate immunity mainly includes two lines of the defense system, called pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). There is extensive signal exchange and recognition in the process of triggering the plant immune signaling network. Plant messenger signaling molecules, such as calcium ions, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, and plant hormone signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, play key roles in inducing plant defense responses. In addition, heterotrimeric G proteins, the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in regulating disease resistance and the defense signal transduction network. This paper summarizes the status and progress in plant disease resistance and disease resistance signal transduction pathway research in recent years; discusses the complexities of, and interactions among, defense signal pathways; and forecasts future research prospects to provide new ideas for the prevention and control of plant diseases.
Journal Article
Wave Attenuation by Sea Ice in the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone Observed by Spaceborne SAR
Attenuation of ocean waves by ice is a crucial process of the interaction between waves and sea ice in marginal ice zone (MIZ), while such interaction can contribute to the retreating of sea ice in the Arctic. Based on the retrieved two‐dimensional ocean wave spectra by spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar, we investigated the attenuation of ocean waves in the MIZ in Svalbard and Greenland. The results show that the energy attenuation rate ranges from 0.126 × 10−4/m to 0.618 × 10−4/m. Quantitative analysis suggests that the attenuation rate is significantly related to wave height and peak wave period of coming waves. It is further found that the waves decay faster in the area with ice thickness exceeding 0.5 m. We compared the derived wave attenuation rates in the present study with those in previous studies based on in situ measurements, which reveals that waves are becoming less attenuated by sea ice in the Arctic. Plain Language Summary The interaction between sea ice and ocean waves is one of the key processes that accelerates the retreat of sea ice in the Arctic. The attenuation of ocean waves by sea ice is crucial to understanding the wave‐ice interaction mechanism and predicting ice changes. Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), capable of imaging ocean waves and sea ice in two‐dimension with high spatial resolution, has shown tremendous potential in studies on wave‐ice interaction. In this study, SAR images acquired in ice‐covered areas near Svalbard and east of Greenland were collected, and then ocean wave spectra were retrieved from these SAR images. Ocean wave spectra depict sea states elaborately by showing the wave energy distribution in different frequencies and directions. Subsequently, we derived the wave attenuation rate in sea ice from these wave spectra. By comparing the derived attenuation rates with previous field observations, the study reveals a lower attenuation rate, which suggests the waves were less attenuated by ice in past decades under ongoing retreating and thinning of sea ice in the Arctic. This indicates that waves can penetrate sea ice easier and deeper, which may further induce the retreating of sea ice. Key Points Wave attenuation rate in sea ice was derived based on non‐linear inversion of two‐dimensional ocean wave spectra by Synthetic Aperture Radar in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) The attenuation rate generally follows the exponential law, varying with sea state (wave height and period) and sea ice conditions Combining previous studies and this one, we may infer that the wave attenuation in the Artic MIZ is weakening due to sea ice retreat
Journal Article