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Summary Experiments were performed to study the transformation, migration and outcome of residual bodies (RBs) in the seminiferous tubules of the rat testes. One part of the testes from adult Sprague–Dawley rats was used to generate paraffin sections to observe RBs and RB precursors through specific staining, and the other part of the testes was used to generate ultrathin sections to observe RBs under a transmission electron microscope. Deep blue particles of different sizes were observed in some seminiferous tubules through specific staining for RBs and RB precursors. These particles first appeared in the seminiferous tubules at stage I of the spermatogenic cycle, and after spermiation, the particles travelled rapidly towards the deeper region of the seminiferous epithelium and soon appeared close to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule. All of the particles in the tubules disappeared at stage IX. Using transmission electron microscopy, components of different electron densities were observed in the RBs on the surface of the seminiferous epithelium, all of which gradually formed in the cytoplasm of spermatozoon in later stages of spermiogenesis. After the spermatozoa were released, the RBs in the epithelium travelled quickly to the edge of the tube and were gradually transformed into lipid inclusions. These lipid inclusions ultimately became lipidlike particles. The lipidlike particles were discharged into the interstitial tissue. RBs initiate their own digestive process before their formation during spermiation in the rat testes. After spermiation, the RBs transform into lipid inclusions and finally into lipidlike particles. These lipidlike particles can be eliminated from the seminiferous tubules.

The generation of kinetic‐scale flux ropes (KSFRs) is closely related to magnetic reconnection. Both flux ropes and reconnection sites are detected in the magnetosheath and can impact the dynamics upstream of the magnetopause. In this study, using the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite, 12,623 KSFRs with a scale <20 RCi are statistically studied in the Earth's dayside magnetosheath. It is found that they are mostly generated near the bow shock (BS), and propagate downstream in the magnetosheath. Their quantity significantly increases as the scale decreases, consistent with a flux rope coalescence model. Moreover, the solar wind parameters can control the occurrence rate of KSFRs. They are more easily generated at high Mach number, large proton density, and weak magnetic field strength of the solar wind, similar to the conditions that favor BS reconnection. Our study shows a close connection between KSFR generation and BS reconnection. Plain Language Summary Kinetic‐scale flux ropes (KSFRs) exist widely in near‐earth space and play an important role in mass transport, energy conversion, and dissipation during magnetic field reconnection. The KSFR in the magnetosheath can be generated by reconnection in three regions: the magnetopause, the magnetosheath, and the BS. The spatial distribution of KSFRs can indirectly reflect the reconnection situation in the magnetosheath. We use various methods to select the KSFRs and study their spatial distribution and generation in the magnetosheath. Our results show that BS reconnection plays an important role in generating the KSFR in the magnetosheath. Key Points Kinetic‐scale flux ropes observed in the magnetosheath are primarily generated near the bow shock (BS) and travel to downstream magnetosheath The quantity of flux ropes significantly increases as their scale decreases, which is in accordance with the FR coalescence model The occurrence of flux ropes is influenced by solar wind parameters, and could strongly correlate with BS reconnection

This study was performed to clarify the transfer and final end of lipofuscin substances that have been formed in cardiomyocytes. The hearts of BALB/c mice were obtained for resin embedding and ultra-thin sectioning. The specimens were observed under a transmission electron microscope, and the images were acquired using an XR401 side-insertion device. Lipofuscin granules are found abundantly in myocardial cells. Cardiomyocytes can excrete lipofuscin granules into the myocardial interstitium using capsule-like protrusions that are formed on the sarcolemma. These granules enter the myocardial interstitium and can be de-aggregated to form membrane-like garbage, which can pass from the myocardial stroma into the lumen of the vessel through its walls. Smaller lipofuscin granules can pass through the walls of the vessels and enter the blood vessel lumen through the capillary endothelial cells. When the extended cytoplasmic end of macrophages and fibroblasts fuse with the endothelial cells, the lipofuscin granules or clumps in the myocardial interstitium are transported to the capillary walls, and then, are released into the lumen of the blood vessel by the endothelial cells. The myocardial tissues of mice may have the ability to eliminate the lipofuscin produced in the cardiomyocytes into the myocardial blood circulation.

Chromatic confocal technology is increasingly applied in industries that require high-precision geometric measurements such as aerospace, naval ordnance, and medical electronics owing to its advantages in testing accuracy, real-time performance, anti-interference, and no damage to tested workpieces. This paper introduces the measurement principle of chromatic confocal technology and the structure of chromatic confocal sensors, and enumerates several typical application scenarios of the technology from the aspects of thickness measurement, profile, 3D topography scanning, roughness measurement, and wafer comprehensive parameter measurement. It also looks into potential development directions of chromatic confocal technology.

This study was made on domestic T1000 carbon fiber to investigate its surface condition, precursor, multifilament, fiber/resin contact angle, fiber/resin interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength. Analysis was carried out to examine the surface physical state of domestic T1000 carbon fiber, the micro-scale interfacial properties and mechanical properties of the composites. The results show that domestic T1000 grade carbon fiber has no inherent characteristic defects such as visible bumps, rough edges or grooves on its surface. It can obtain higher tensile strength. The fiber/resin interfacial test shows that carboxylated carbon nanotubes are well dispersed in the epoxy resin matrix by physical method. The mixed resin matrix has good wettability on carbon fibers and the contact angle of the composite interface decreases. The interfacial shear strength of SYT65 carbon fibers/resin increases by 10.6%, and the interlaminar shear strength increases by 15.7%. Toray T1000 carbon fiber/resin interfacial shear strength increases by 6.1%, and interlaminar shear strength increases by 14.1%. Compared with Toray T1000, the resin system used in this study is more compatible with SYT65 carbon fiber, which can give full play to the mechanical properties of SYT65 carbon fiber.

Two types of domestic T700S carbon fibers (CF1 and CF2) were investigated in three batches to find out their mechanical properties, including tensile properties of multifilament, tensile and bending properties of composites. The results showed that the mechanical properties of domestic T700S CF are comparable to those of Toray T700S CF with a small discrete coefficient obtained from experiments for the three batches of CF, and that the unidirectional CF2 composite laminates has the biggest tensile strength discrete coefficient, 3.84%. The difference of properties between the two types of fiber composites was analyzed using the optical contact angle measuring device. It was found that CF2 and resin have better wettability. The two types of carbon fibers were examined by the Ø150 mm standard pressure vessel. Temperature (high temperature, low temperature, and temperature impact) tests and aging tests revealed that: high temperature, low temperature, and temperature impact have little effect on the characteristic index of the pressure vessel; after 800h aging, the characteristic index of the pressure vessel decreased by 15.2%.

Summary Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent disease globally, and accumulating evidence has indicated an association between BPH, insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes. Exendin‐4 is widely used in clinics, which could enhance the proliferation of pancreatic β cells. The ability of exendin‐4 to promote tumorigenesis has been of concern, and whether exendin‐4 would enhance the propagation of BPH is not fully understood. We aimed to determine whether glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptors (GLP‐1Rs) were expressed in rat prostate and to determine the effect of exendin‐4 on prostate of BPH. Male Wistar rats were used and assigned to six groups: normal diet (ND), high‐fat diet (HFD), HFD + exendin‐4, HFD + BPH, HFD + BPH + exendin‐4 and HFD + BPH + rosiglitazone group. After castration, steroids were injected subcutaneously for 4 weeks to induce BPH. Rats were kept on high‐fat diet to induce IR. Treatment groups were treated with exendin‐4 and rosiglitazone. Prostatic index and HOMA‐IR index were used to evaluate the prostatic hyperplasia status and the degree of IR respectively. The expression of GLP‐1R was indicated not only by immunohistochemistry, but also by Western blot analysis. The expression of GLP‐1R was significantly higher, and HOMA‐IR index and body weight significantly decreased after administration of exendin‐4. However, no significant differences in the prostatic index were observed between exendin‐4 treatment groups and non‐exendin‐4 treatment groups. Prostatic index was not influenced by exendin‐4 maybe by improving IR and weight loss.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079057022310010

As an important renewable energy source, wind energy has been highly valued by countries. In recent years, the mainstream of wind turbines in the world is the pitch control units. Based on the joint simulation of 1.5 MW doubly-fed wind turbine, a feed-forward and an adaptive PI pitch controller are combined, they are both designed by fuzzy theory. Through the simulation, it can be seen that the power of the unit can be controlled constant when the wind speed is higher than the rated value. The fuzzy compound pitch controller proposed in this paper can timely compensate the power fluctuation caused by the wind speed disturbance, it has better control effect than traditional PI and fuzzy PI controller with shorter adjustment time and less power overshoot.