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A novel ferrate(VI)/titanium dioxide/ultraviolet [Fe(VI)/TiO 2 /UV] system was successfully established for the photocatalytic oxidation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). This system demonstrated a higher removal efficiency of DMP (95.2%) than the conventional TiO 2 /UV and Fe(VI) alone systems (51.8% and 23.5%, respectively) and produced obvious synergistic effects. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a three level, three independent variables design, was conducted through Design Expert 8.0.6 program, and a second-order polynomial model ( R 2 = 0.998) was developed to quantitatively describe the photocatalysis of TiO 2 combined with Fe(VI) oxidation under ultraviolet irradiation. The fresh TiO 2 and photochemical reacted Fe(VI)/TiO 2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and element dispersive spectrum (EDS), which indicated that Fe(VI) was imprinted into the TiO 2 , and the surface adsorbed Fe-O-(organic) materials inhibited DMP degradation. This photocatalytic oxidant showed high activity and stability after nine cycles without loss of its effectiveness (counting from the second cycle). The intermediates/products of DMP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed pathway for DMP degradation involved one electron transfer of hydroxyl radical and breaking of the ester bond and benzene ring. The mineralization efficiencies of DMP in actual industrial wastewater and simulated water were 87.1% and 95.2%, respectively, suggesting practical field applications. A ecotoxicity test (17.3% inhibition on bioluminescence) in treating actual industrial wastewater containing DMP implied that the proposed Fe(VI)/TiO 2 /UV had a potential for industrial water treatment.

Trees in general are very tolerant of aluminum (Al, mainly Al3+ at pH ≦ 5.0), and the small effects seen in the contaminated soils may mislead people that the contamination is unimportant. The key point of this study was to characterize the Al toxicity for Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb). The objectives were to discover the specific eco-physiological relationship between pine root growth and rhizosphere Al, and to investigate the Al effects on the root-released compounds of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, secondary metabolites, as well as rhizosphere pH and endogenous hormones. Masson pine seedlings were cultivated on a hydroponic setup. Through comprehensive dose-gradient experiments, the Al-triggered root-released compounds were determined by chromatography or spectroscopy. This study gives an important evidence of the Al-toxicity effects on the composition of root-released compounds and the root growth of Masson pine. Results showed that higher rhizospheric Al at pH 4.5 might contribute to increased release of glucose, and also could accelerate the release of oxalic acid and malic acid. The total of secreted amino acids were correlated with the rhizosphere Al. Zero additional Al induced no rhizosphere pH elevation, but Al-induced rhizosphere acidification (pH from 4.50 to 4.22) was observed et al. 100 µM. Greater additions of Al (> 300 µM) suppressed the rhizosphere acidification at pH 3.92. Added Al had a negative effect on the dry weight of pine roots, but an opposite effect on Al accumulated in the roots was observed. Four endogenous hormones were also determined in the pine roots. Gibberellic acid (GA3) decreased, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) simultaneously increased with the addition of Al. Their inflexional concentrations were most frequently observed et al. 100 µM, which might be the threshold of Al toxicity for Masson pine. The secondary metabolites assayed have been studied in relation to the rhizospheric Al. The rhizosphere Al species at low pH could trigger pine roots to release the sugars (glucose, fructose + aldose), organic acids (oxalic acid, and malic acid), amino acids, secondary metabolites, and endogenous hormones. Meanwhile exposure of growing root apices to toxic Al concentrations inhibited the growth of pine roots. This is an extensive study, which can help understanding the toxicity of Al to this important pioneer species of acid forest soils in south China.

A novel ferrate(VI)/titanium dioxide/ultraviolet [Fe(VI)/TiO /UV] system was successfully established for the photocatalytic oxidation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). This system demonstrated a higher removal efficiency of DMP (95.2%) than the conventional TiO /UV and Fe(VI) alone systems (51.8% and 23.5%, respectively) and produced obvious synergistic effects. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a three level, three independent variables design, was conducted through Design Expert 8.0.6 program, and a second-order polynomial model (R = 0.998) was developed to quantitatively describe the photocatalysis of TiO combined with Fe(VI) oxidation under ultraviolet irradiation. The fresh TiO and photochemical reacted Fe(VI)/TiO were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and element dispersive spectrum (EDS), which indicated that Fe(VI) was imprinted into the TiO , and the surface adsorbed Fe-O-(organic) materials inhibited DMP degradation. This photocatalytic oxidant showed high activity and stability after nine cycles without loss of its effectiveness (counting from the second cycle). The intermediates/products of DMP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed pathway for DMP degradation involved one electron transfer of hydroxyl radical and breaking of the ester bond and benzene ring. The mineralization efficiencies of DMP in actual industrial wastewater and simulated water were 87.1% and 95.2%, respectively, suggesting practical field applications. A ecotoxicity test (17.3% inhibition on bioluminescence) in treating actual industrial wastewater containing DMP implied that the proposed Fe(VI)/TiO /UV had a potential for industrial water treatment.