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Photocatalytic solar‐to‐fuel conversion over metal halide perovskites (MHPs) has recently attracted much attention, while the roles of defects in MHPs are still under debate. Specifically, the mainstream viewpoint is that the defects are detrimental to photocatalytic performance, while some recent studies show that certain types of defects contribute to photoactivity enhancement. However, a systematic summary of why it is contradictory and how the defects in MHPs affect photocatalytic performance is still lacking. In this review, the innovative roles of defects in MHP photocatalysts are highlighted. First, the origins of defects in MHPs are elaborated, followed by clarifying certain benefits of defects in photocatalysts including optical absorption, charge dynamics, and surface reaction. Afterward, the recent progress on defect‐related MHP photocatalysis, i.e., CO2 reduction, H2 generation, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis is systematically discussed and critically appraised, putting emphasis on their beneficial effects. With defects offering peculiar sets of merits and demerits, the personal opinion on the ongoing challenges is concluded and outlining potentially promising opportunities for engineering defects on MHP photocatalysts. This critical review is anticipated to offer a better understanding of the MHP defects and spur some inspiration for designing efficient MHP photocatalysts. The recent progress on defect engineering of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) for photocatalysis is summarized and reexamined, focusing on discussing and critically appraising the benefits of defects, together with outlining potentially promising opportunities and directions for moving MHP‐based photocatalysis research forward.

Solar‐driven energy conversion is a promising technology for a sustainable energy future and environmental remediation, and an efficient catalyst is a key factor. Recently, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts due to their exceptional photoelectronic properties and low‐cost solution processing, enabling successful applications in H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, organic synthesis, and pollutant degradation. Despite these successes, the practical applications of MHPs are limited by their water instability. In this review, the recently developed strategies driving MHP‐catalyzed reactions in aqueous media are outlined. We first articulate the structures and properties of MHPs, followed by elaborating on the origin of instability in MHPs. Then, we highlight the advances in solar‐driven MHP‐based catalytic systems in aqueous solutions, focusing on developing external protection strategies and intrinsically water‐stable MHP materials. With each approach offering peculiar sets of advantages and challenges, we conclude by outlining potentially promising opportunities and directions for MHP‐based photocatalysis research in aqueous conditions moving forward. We anticipate that this timely review will provide some inspiration for the design of MHP‐based photocatalysts, manifestly stimulating their applications in aqueous environments for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. We summarize the recently developed strategies enabling metal halide perovskite (MHP) catalytic reactions in aqueous media, focusing on discussing and appraising the approaches that are exploited to date, including developing external protection strategies and intrinsically water‐stable MHP materials, together with outlining potentially promising opportunities and directions for MHP‐based photocatalysis research moving forward.

In this study, we developed a novel confinement-synthesis approach to layered double hydroxide nanodots (LDH-NDs) anchored on carbon nanoparticles, which formed a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network within a porous carbon support derived from pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (C-MOF). The resultant LDH-NDs@C-MOF nonprecious metal catalysts were demonstrated to exhibit super-high catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with excellent operation stability and low overpotential (∼230 mV) at an exchange current density of 10 mAcm −2 . The observed overpotential for the LDH-NDs@C-MOF is much lower than that of large-sized LDH nanosheets (321 mV), pure carbonized MOF (411 mV), and even commercial RuO 2 (281 mV). X-ray absorption measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed partial charge transfer from Fe 3+ through an O bridge to Ni 2+ at the edge of LDH-NDs supported by C-MOF to produce the optimal binding energies for OER intermediates. This, coupled with a large number of exposed active sides and efficient charge and electrolyte/reactant/product transports associated with the porous 3D C-MOF support, significantly boosted the OER performance of the LDH-ND catalyst with respect to its nanosheet counterpart. Apart from the fact that this is the first active side identification for LDH-ND OER catalysts, this work provides a general strategy to enhance activities of nanosheet catalysts by converting them into edge-rich nanodots to be supported by 3D porous carbon architectures.

The increasing biological use of graphene-based materials has prompted research inquiries on their effects on microorganisms. The work herein reported different types of microbiological activity of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). At relatively high concentrations (200 and 400 μg/mL), RGO exhibited antibacterial activity on the model bacterium Escherichia coli, while at lower concentrations (10 and 50 μg/mL), interestingly, no antibacterial effect was observed. Instead, an increase in the viable population after exposure at lower concentrations was observed, verified by colony counting and fluorescence microscopy. Further investigation ruled out the possibility of nutrient release from RGO being responsible for this growth-enhancing effect, whereby a comparable number of viable cells were found in the particle-free RGO leachate systems relative to the control. A before and after exposure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the RGO detected less presence of C-C bond on the particle surface, suggesting the ability of the bacterium for the use of the carbon-based materials for growth. This potential RGO-cell interaction is further supported by the observed emergence of C-N bond on the particle surface, the nitrogen moieties most likely of bacterial (cell envelope) origins. Although still an early evidence, such RGO-cell interactions could explain the viable cell increase observed at the lower concentration RGO systems. The present study highlights the concentration-dependent microbiological effects of RGO, clarifying the contradicting reports on the growth enhancing versus antibacterial effect of graphene-based materials. The knowledge is important not only for the antibacterial formulation of carbon-based materials but also when assessing their environmental impact.

Introduction The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is crucial in preventing cervical cancer, and a significant number of women in 135 countries worldwide may have unknowingly received the vaccine during peri‐pregnancy or pregnancy due to a lack of regular pregnancy testing. Previous studies on the safety of pregnancy outcomes with vaccination before and after pregnancy have not reached definitive conclusions. Thus, we subdivided the vaccination time frame and conducted an updated study to further examine whether exposure to the HPV vaccine during pregnancy or the periconceptional period increases the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Material and Methods The clinical trials and cohort studies published before August 1, 2023, were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool were adopted to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. In addition, the quality assessment was carried out using the Review Manager 5.4 Software, and a meta‐analysis was conducted using the Stata 16 Software. Results Eleven studies were located. The results showed that receiving 4vHPV during the periconceptional or gestational period had no relationship with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, birth defects, small for gestational age, and ectopic pregnancy. Neither receiving 2vHPV nor 9vHPV was associated with a higher risk of stillbirth, preterm birth, birth defects, small for gestational age, and ectopic pregnancy; however, receiving 2vHPV during the period from 45 days before last menstrual period (LMP) to LMP and 9vHPV during the period from 90 days before LMP to 45 days after LMP seemed to be related to an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.04–2.45, RR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.28–3.24). Conclusions In conclusion, the likelihood of an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion caused by HPV vaccination during the periconceptional or gestational period could not be completely ruled out. Given the lack of evidence, further research is needed to examine the effect of HPV vaccination on spontaneous abortion. We analyzed the most recent randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining the link between HPV vaccination during periconceptional or gestational period and adverse pregnancy outcomes and knowledge gaps that need to be elucidated in future studies.

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of next generation sequencing. However, few studies on C. arabica are related to the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporter despite its importance in auxin-mediated plant growth and development. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in the three coffee species. Totals of 17, 9 and 10 of the PIN members were characterized in C. Arabica, C. canephora and C. eugenioides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene loss of PIN1 and PIN2 homologs in C. arabica, as well as gene duplication of PIN5 homologs during the fractionation process after tetraploidy. Furthermore, we conducted expression analysis of PIN genes in C. arabica by in silico and qRT-PCR. The results revealed the existence of gene expression dominance in allopolyploid coffee and illustrated several PIN candidates in regulating auxin transport and homeostasis under leaf rust fungus inoculation and the tissue-specific expression pattern of C. arabica. Together, this study provides the basis and guideline for future functional characterization of the PIN gene family.