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"Xing, Wei"
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A Review of Machine Learning Algorithms for Retinal Cyst Segmentation on Optical Coherence Tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging technique for diagnosing ophthalmic diseases and the visual analysis of retinal structure changes, such as exudates, cysts, and fluid. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on applying machine learning algorithms, including classical machine learning and deep learning methods, to automate retinal cysts/fluid segmentation. These automated techniques can provide ophthalmologists with valuable tools for improved interpretation and quantification of retinal features, leading to more accurate diagnosis and informed treatment decisions for retinal diseases. This review summarized the state-of-the-art algorithms for the three essential steps of cyst/fluid segmentation: image denoising, layer segmentation, and cyst/fluid segmentation, while emphasizing the significance of machine learning techniques. Additionally, we provided a summary of the publicly available OCT datasets for cyst/fluid segmentation. Furthermore, the challenges, opportunities, and future directions of artificial intelligence (AI) in OCT cyst segmentation are discussed. This review is intended to summarize the key parameters for the development of a cyst/fluid segmentation system and the design of novel segmentation algorithms and has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for imaging researchers in the development of assessment systems related to ocular diseases exhibiting cyst/fluid in OCT imaging.
Journal Article
Single-atom Rh/N-doped carbon electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation
To meet the requirements of potential applications, it is of great importance to explore new catalysts for formic acid oxidation that have both ultra-high mass activity and CO resistance. Here, we successfully synthesize atomically dispersed Rh on N-doped carbon (SA-Rh/CN) and discover that SA-Rh/CN exhibits promising electrocatalytic properties for formic acid oxidation. The mass activity shows 28- and 67-fold enhancements compared with state-of-the-art Pd/C and Pt/C, respectively, despite the low activity of Rh/C. Interestingly, SA-Rh/CN exhibits greatly enhanced tolerance to CO poisoning, and Rh atoms in SA-Rh/CN resist sintering after long-term testing, resulting in excellent catalytic stability. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the formate route is more favourable on SA-Rh/CN. According to calculations, the high barrier to produce CO, together with the relatively unfavourable binding with CO, contribute to its CO tolerance.Atomically dispersed Rh on N-doped carbon exhibits 28- and 67-fold enhancements compared with state-of-the-art Pd/C and Pt/C, despite the low activity of Rh/C. The Rh single atoms exhibit high tolerance to CO poisoning compared to Rh nanoparticles.
Journal Article
Experimental characterization of multi-nozzle atomization interference for dust reduction between hydraulic supports at a fully mechanized coal mining face
To analyze the distribution pattern concerning multi-nozzle interference spray particle granularity between hydraulic supports, the present study conducts atomization interference experimental characterization for three types of nozzles used in coal mines based on a Doppler laser interference spray dust suppression simulation experimental system. The results indicate that for single-nozzle atomization, the impact of spray pressure on spray droplet size is gradually subdued, and a spray pressure of 8 MPa yields the best result; compared with single-nozzle spray, the multi-nozzle atomization interference effect can downsize the spray field overlapping zone, leading to an improved uniformity of overall spray particle distribution. As the spray field overlapping coefficient
k
increases, the particle size of the interference spray field decreases first and then increases. As the spray field overlapping coefficient reaches 0.4, the distribution of spray droplet size is most concentrated, corresponding to the optimal atomized dust suppression effect. Practical testing indicates that the optimal spray field overlapping coefficient measured at a fully mechanized mining face agrees well with the experimental result. Under the optimal parameters, the average total dust and respirable dust suppression rates measured at various measuring points on the downwind side during support relocation reach 78.93% and 80.53%, respectively.
Journal Article
Stereospecific Si-C coupling and remote control of axial chirality by enantioselective palladium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of maleimides
Hydrosilylation of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds with hydrosilanes is a very important process to access organosilicon compounds and ranks as one of the most fundamental reactions in organic chemistry. However, catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of activated alkenes and internal alkenes has proven elusive, due to competing reduction of carbon-carbon double bond or isomerization processes. Herein, we report a highly enantioselective Si-C coupling by hydrosilylation of carbonyl-activated alkenes using a palladium catalyst with a chiral TADDOL-derived phosphoramidite ligand, which inhibits O-hydrosilylation/olefin reduction. The stereospecific Si-C coupling/hydrosilylation of maleimides affords a series of silyl succinimides with up to 99% yield, >99:1 diastereoselectivity and >99:1 enantioselectivity. The high degree of stereoselectivity exerts remote control of axial chirality, leading to functionalized, axially chiral succinimides which are versatile building blocks. The product utility is highlighted by the enantioselective construction of N-heterocycles bearing up to three stereocenters.
Catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of internal alkenes has proven elusive due to more favourable double bond reduction or isomerization. Here, the authors show an enantioselective Si-C coupling by hydrosilylation of activated alkenes using a palladium/phosphoramidite catalyst affording axially chiral succinimides.
Journal Article
IL-10 and IL-22 in Mucosal Immunity: Driving Protection and Pathology
The barrier surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are in constant contact with various microorganisms. Cytokines orchestrate the mucosal adaptive and innate immune cells in the defense against pathogens. IL-10 and IL-22 are the best studied members of the IL-10 family and play essential roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. IL-10 serves as an important regulator in preventing pro-inflammatory responses while IL-22 plays a protective role in tissue damage and contributes to pathology in certain settings. In this review, we focus on these two cytokines in the development of gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). We summarize the recent studies and try to gain a better understanding on how they regulate immune responses to maintain equilibrium under inflammatory conditions.
Journal Article
Transit Timing Variation of XO-3b: Evidence for Tidal Evolution of Hot Jupiter with High Eccentricity
Observed transit timing variation (TTV) potentially reveals the period decay caused by star-planet tidal interaction which can explain the orbital migration of hot Jupiters. We report the TTV of XO-3b, using TESS observed timings and archival timings. We generate a photometric pipeline to produce light curves from raw TESS images and find the difference between our pipeline and TESS PDC is negligible for timing analysis. TESS timing presents a shift of 17.6 minutes (80 σ ), earlier than the prediction from the previous ephemeris. The best linear fit for all timings available gives a Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) value of 439. A quadratic function is a better model with a BIC of 56. The period derivative obtained from a quadratic function is −6.2 × 10 −9 ± 2.9 × 10 −10 per orbit, indicating an orbital decay timescale 1.4 Myr. We find that the orbital period decay can be well explained by tidal interaction. The “modified tidal quality factor” Q p ′ would be 1.8 × 10 4 ± 8 × 10 2 if we assume the decay is due to the tide in the planet; whereas Q * ′ would be 1.5 × 10 5 ± 6 × 10 3 if tidal dissipation is predominantly in the star. The precession model is another possible origin to explain the observed TTVs. We note that the follow-up observations of occultation timing and radial velocity monitoring are needed for fully discriminating the different models.
Journal Article
Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues
Animals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.
Innate defense behaviours in animals in response to approaching threats are mostly studied in response to visual stimuli. Here, the authors show that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions that require the auditory cortex, superior colliculus and the striatum.
Journal Article
Ameliorative Effects of Peptides Derived from Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) on Immunomodulatory Function and Gut Microbiota Structure in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice
The intestinal flora is recognized as a significant contributor to the immune system. In this research, the protective effects of oyster peptides on immune regulation and intestinal microbiota were investigated in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The results showed that oyster peptides restored the indexes of thymus, spleen and liver, stimulated cytokines secretion and promoted the relative mRNA levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10). The mRNA levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1, and Mucin-2 were up-regulated, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was also activated after oyster peptides administration. Furthermore, oyster peptides treatment reduced the proportion of
/
, increased the relative abundance of
,
,
and the content of short-chain fatty acids, and reversed the composition of intestinal microflora similar to that of normal mice. In conclusion, oyster peptides effectively ameliorated cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal damage and modified gut microbiota structure in mice, and might be utilized as a beneficial ingredient in functional foods for immune regulation.
Journal Article
The Pleiotropic Effects of Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer
Metabolic programs are known to be altered in cancers arising from various tissues. Malignant transformation can alter signaling pathways related to metabolism and increase the demand for both energy and biomass for the proliferating cancerous cells. This scenario is further complexed by the crosstalk between transformed cells and the microenvironment. One of the most common metabolic alterations, which occurs in many tissues and in the context of multiple oncogenic drivers, is the increased demand for the amino acid glutamine. Many studies have attributed this increased demand for glutamine to the carbon backbone and its role in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerosis. However, an increasing number of studies are now emphasizing the importance of glutamine functioning as a proteogenic building block, a nitrogen donor and carrier, an exchanger for import of other amino acids, and a signaling molecule. Herein, we highlight the recent literature on glutamine’s versatile role in cancer, with a focus on nitrogen metabolism, and therapeutic implications of glutamine metabolism in cancer.
Journal Article