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"Xing, Yi"
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\الحزام والطريق\ : مبادرة نحو عولمة شاملة
هذا الكتاب هو الأول من نوعه الذي يتناول مفهوم العولمة الشاملة في ضوء مبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" الصينية التي أعلن عنها الرئيس الصيني عام 2013، وهو يضم تفسيرات شاملة للعولمة الاقتصادية التي تعد المحور الأساسي لمفهوم العولمة الشاملة، ويستعرض هذا الكتاب في قسمين رئيسيين، الخلفية التاريخية لمبادرة الحزام والطريق، منذ نشأة طريق الحرير القديم، كما يتناول مفهوم العولمة الاقتصادية وقيودها، والتوسع الاقتصادي العالمي قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية، وحدود العولمة الاقتصادية وإمكاناتها، بالإضافة إلى تغيرات نمط الاقتصاد العالمي، وتحولات التنمية الصينية، وفكر ودلالة بناء \"الحزام والطريق\"، بما في ذلك الدلالة الجغرافية والاقتصادية والتجارية وغيرها، كما يتناول العلاقة بين بناء \"الحزام والطريق\" و\"استراتيجية التنمية الإقليمية\"، وبناء ممرات نقل برية عابرة للحدود، وصناعة نموذج \"استراتيجية الانطلاق العالمية\"، وبناء منصة للانفتاح على العالم، بالإضافة إلى التعاون الثقافي بين البلدان الواقعة على طول الحزام والطريق. أما القسم الثاني من الكتاب فيضم عددا من الدراسات والبحوث الأكاديمية التي تتناول المحتوى العلمي لمبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" وتعزيز السلام والتنمية العالمية من خلال \"روح طريق الحرير\" وكذلك نقاط سوء الفهم حول المبادرة، بالإضافة إلى لقاءات مع مراسلي أكبر الشبكات الإعلامية الصينية، التي تناولت قيادة حقبة جديدة من العولمة الشاملة من أجل بناء هيكل اقتصادي عالمي أكثر توازنا وشمولا.
Book
Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus
A large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) have been detected in horseshoe bats since 2005 in different areas of China. However, these bat SARSr-CoVs show sequence differences from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in different genes (S, ORF8, ORF3, etc) and are considered unlikely to represent the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV. Herein, we report the findings of our 5-year surveillance of SARSr-CoVs in a cave inhabited by multiple species of horseshoe bats in Yunnan Province, China. The full-length genomes of 11 newly discovered SARSr-CoV strains, together with our previous findings, reveals that the SARSr-CoVs circulating in this single location are highly diverse in the S gene, ORF3 and ORF8. Importantly, strains with high genetic similarity to SARS-CoV in the hypervariable N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 gene, the ORF3 and ORF8 region, respectively, were all discovered in this cave. In addition, we report the first discovery of bat SARSr-CoVs highly similar to human SARS-CoV in ORF3b and in the split ORF8a and 8b. Moreover, SARSr-CoV strains from this cave were more closely related to SARS-CoV in the non-structural protein genes ORF1a and 1b compared with those detected elsewhere. Recombination analysis shows evidence of frequent recombination events within the S gene and around the ORF8 between these SARSr-CoVs. We hypothesize that the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV may have originated after sequential recombination events between the precursors of these SARSr-CoVs. Cell entry studies demonstrated that three newly identified SARSr-CoVs with different S protein sequences are all able to use human ACE2 as the receptor, further exhibiting the close relationship between strains in this cave and SARS-CoV. This work provides new insights into the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV and highlights the necessity of preparedness for future emergence of SARS-like diseases.
Journal Article
The relationship between quality of sports friendships and mental health in Chinese junior high school students: the bidirectional chain mediating effects of sport motivation and exercise adherence
Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quality of sport friendships on mental health and the mediating role of sport motivation and exercise adherence in middle school students.
Methods
A total of 1,083 middle school students were selected using a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling methods. The participants were assessed using the Sport Friendship Quality Scale, Mental Health Scale, Exercise Motivation Scale, and Physical Exercise Adherence Scale. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships among the four variables.
Results
(1) The quality of sport friendships positively predicted mental health (β = 0.192,
p
< 0.01); (2) Sport motivation and exercise adherence act as independent mediators between the quality of sport friendships and mental health respectively; (3) Sport motivation and exercise adherence act as bi-directional chain mediators between the quality of sport friendships and mental health.
Conclusion
(1) The quality of sports friendships can positively predict mental health, sport motivation, and exercise adherence. (2) The quality of sports friendships not only directly predicts mental health but also indirectly affects mental health through the mediating roles of sport motivation and exercise adherence, as well as the bidirectional chain mediation between the two. This further explains how the quality of sports friendships impacts the mental health of junior high school students, providing significant insights into improving their mental health levels.
Journal Article
STAT1 and its related molecules as potential biomarkers in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease that seriously endangers human health. The immune defence mechanism of the body against TB is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to find the key molecules involved in the immune defence response during TB infection, and provide reference for the treatment of TB and further understanding of the immune defence mechanism of the body. Data from GSE83456 were downloaded from GEO data sets for analysis, and a total of 192 differentially expressed genes were screened out. Most of these genes are enriched in the interferon signalling pathway and are defence response–related. We also found that STAT1 plays an important role in the immune defence of TB infection and it is one of the key genes related to interferon signalling pathway. STAT1‐related molecules including hsa‐miR‐448, hsa‐miR‐223‐3p, SAMD8_hsa_circRNA 994 and TWF1_hsa_circRNA 9897 were therefore screened out. Furthermore, expression levels of hsa‐miR‐448 and hsa‐miR‐223‐3p were then verified by qRT‐PCR. Results showed that both hsa‐miR‐448 and hsa‐miR‐223‐3p were down‐regulated in plasma from patients with pulmonary TB. Taken together, our data indicate that an mRNA‐miRNA‐circRNA interaction chain may play an important role in the infection of MTB, and STAT1 and related molecules including hsa‐miR‐223‐3p, has‐miR‐448, SAMD8_hsa_circRNA994 and TWF1_hsa_circRNA9897 were identified as potential biomarkers in the development of active TB.
Journal Article
Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China
Understanding ecological niches of major tick species and prevalent tick-borne pathogens is crucial for efficient surveillance and control of tick-borne diseases. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the spatial distributions of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. We map at the county level 124 tick species, 103 tick-borne agents, and human cases infected with 29 species (subspecies) of tick-borne pathogens that were reported in China during 1950−2018.
Haemaphysalis longicornis
is found to harbor the highest variety of tick-borne agents, followed by
Ixodes persulcatus
,
Dermacentor nutalli
and
Rhipicephalus microplus
. Using a machine learning algorithm, we assess ecoclimatic and socioenvironmental drivers for the distributions of 19 predominant vector ticks and two tick-borne pathogens associated with the highest disease burden. The model-predicted suitable habitats for the 19 tick species are 14‒476% larger in size than the geographic areas where these species were detected, indicating severe under-detection. Tick species harboring pathogens of imminent threats to public health should be prioritized for more active field surveillance.
Ticks are an important vector of disease in China, posing threats to humans, livestock and wild animals. Here, Zhao et al. compile a database of the distributions of the 124 tick species known in China and 103 tick-borne pathogens and predict the additional suitable habitats for the predominant vector species.
Journal Article
Omicron subvariants escape antibodies elicited by vaccination and BA.2.2 infection
The BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 showed similar but substantial resistance to vaccine-induced and infection-induced serum neutralising activity.1,2 The new BA.2.12.1, BA.2.13, BA.4, and BA.5 omicron subvariants containing Leu452 substitutions show more infectious potential than BA.2.3 We examined neutralising activity against the BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.13, BA.4, and BA.5 omicron subvariants in serum from people who received BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) primary immunisation, people who received BBIBP-CorV or ZF2001 (Anhui Zhifei Longcom) boosters, and people with omicron breakthrough infections (appendix pp 4, 7). Using an in-house pseudovirus neutralisation assay we found that two BBIBP-CorV doses induced detectable neutralising antibodies against spike protein mutation D614G in 21 (84%) individuals, but neutralising activity against omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.11, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.13, and BA.4/BA.5) was not or only minimally detectable (appendix pp 2–3, 8). Neutralising activity against omicron subvariants was observed in 24–48% of people who received a BBIBP-CorV booster and 30–53% of people who received a ZF2001 booster (appendix pp 2–3, 9). [...]serum samples with neutralising antibody titres higher than the limit of detection (limit of detection was 30) against the omicron subvariants had lower neutralising activity, with a 4·6–17·1-times lower GMT than the GMT against D614G (appendix pp 2–3).
Journal Article
A progress in the inverse matrix method in QCD sum rules
In traditional QCD sum rules, the simple hadron spectral density model of the “delta-function-type ground state + theta-function-type continuous spectrum” determines that there is no perfect parameter selection. In recent years, inverse problem methods, particularly the inverse matrix method, have shown better handling of QCD sum rules. This work continues to develop the inverse matrix method. Considering that the narrow-width approximation may still be a good approximation, we separate the ground state from the spectral density. We then follow the general steps of the inverse matrix method to extract physical quantities such as decay constants that we may be more interested in.
Journal Article
Divergent rhodium-catalyzed electrochemical vinylic C–H annulation of acrylamides with alkynes
α-Pyridones and α-pyrones are ubiquitous structural motifs found in natural products and biologically active small molecules. Here, we report an Rh-catalyzed electrochemical vinylic C–H annulation of acrylamides with alkynes, affording cyclic products in good to excellent yield. Divergent syntheses of α-pyridones and cyclic imidates are accomplished by employing
N-
phenyl acrylamides and
N-
tosyl acrylamides as substrates, respectively. Additionally, excellent regioselectivities are achieved when using unsymmetrical alkynes. This electrochemical process is environmentally benign compared to traditional transition metal-catalyzed C–H annulations because it avoids the use of stoichiometric metal oxidants. DFT calculations elucidated the reaction mechanism and origins of substituent-controlled chemoselectivity. The sequential C–H activation and alkyne insertion under rhodium catalysis leads to the seven-membered ring vinyl-rhodium intermediate. This intermediate undergoes either the classic neutral concerted reductive elimination to produce α-pyridones, or the ionic stepwise pathway to produce cyclic imidates.
α-Pyridones and α-pyrones are ubiquitous structural motifs found in natural products and components of biologically active small molecules. Here, the authors report an oxidant-free Rh-catalyzed electrochemical divergent vinylic C–H annulation of acrylamides with alkynes to α-pyridones and cyclic imidates.
Journal Article
Silicon photocathode functionalized with osmium complex catalyst for selective catalytic conversion of CO2 to methane
Solar-driven CO
2
reduction to yield high-value chemicals presents an appealing avenue for combating climate change, yet achieving selective production of specific products remains a significant challenge. We showcase two osmium complexes, przpOs, and trzpOs, as CO
2
reduction catalysts for selective CO
2
-to-methane conversion. Kinetically, the przpOs and trzpOs exhibit high CO
2
reduction catalytic rate constants of 0.544 and 6.41 s
−1
, respectively. Under AM1.5 G irradiation, the optimal Si/TiO
2
/trzpOs have CH
4
as the main product and >90% Faradaic efficiency, reaching −14.11 mA cm
−2
photocurrent density at 0.0 V
RHE
. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the N atoms on the bipyrazole and triazole ligands effectively stabilize the CO
2
-adduct intermediates, which tend to be further hydrogenated to produce CH
4
, leading to their ultrahigh CO
2
-to-CH
4
selectivity. These results are comparable to cutting-edge Si-based photocathodes for CO
2
reduction, revealing a vast research potential in employing molecular catalysts for the photoelectrochemical conversion of CO
2
to methane.
Solar-driven CO
2
conversion to produce solar fuels is an attractive way to harness solar energy and reduce carbon emissions. Here, the authors report two osmium complexes as highly active and selective CO
2
reduction catalysts for selective CO
2
-to-methane conversion on Si-based photocathodes.
Journal Article