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"Xu, Ming"
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Growth promotion and disease resistance induced in Anthurium colonized by the beneficial root endophyte Piriformospora indica
Background
Anthurium andraeanum
, an important ornamental flower, has to go through a growth-delaying period after transfer from tissue culture to soil, which requires time and extra costs. Furthermore, during this period, the plantlets are highly susceptible to bacterial infections, which results in impaired development and severe losses. Here, we aimed to address whether application of the endophytic fungus,
Piriformospora indica
protects the
A. andraeanum
root system during the critical propagation period, and whether
P. indica
reduce the mortality rate by stimulating the host’s resistance against diseases.
Results
We demonstrate that
P. indica
shortens the recovery period of
Anthurium
, promotes growth and confers disease resistance. The beneficial effect of
P. indica
results in faster elongation of
Anthurium
roots early in the interaction.
P. indica
-colonized plants absorb more phosphorus and exhibit higher photosynthesis rates than uncolonized control plants. Moreover, higher activities of stress-related enzymes, of jasmonic acid levels and mRNA levels of jasmonic acid-responsive genes suggest that the fungus prepares the plant to respond more efficiently to potentially upcoming threats, including bacterial wilt.
Conclusion
These results suggest that
P. indica
is a helpful symbiont for promoting
Anthurium
rooting and development. All our evidences are sufficient to support the disease resistance conferred by
P. indica
through the plant-fungal symbiosis. Furthermore, it implicates that
P. indica
has strong potential as bio-fertilizer for utilization in ornamental plant cultivation.
Journal Article
Hydrophobic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Assessment, Construction, and Diverse Applications
Tens of thousands of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed in the past two decades, and only ≈100 of them have been demonstrated as porous and hydrophobic. These hydrophobic MOFs feature not only a rich structural variety, highly crystalline frameworks, and uniform micropores, but also a low affinity toward water and superior hydrolytic stability, which make them promising adsorbents for diverse applications, including humid CO2 capture, alcohol/water separation, pollutant removal from air or water, substrate‐selective catalysis, energy storage, anticorrosion, and self‐cleaning. Herein, the recent research advancements in hydrophobic MOFs are presented. The existing techniques for qualitatively or quantitatively assessing the hydrophobicity of MOFs are first introduced. The reported experimental methods for the preparation of hydrophobic MOFs are then categorized. The concept that hydrophobic MOFs normally synthesized from predesigned organic ligands can also be prepared by the postsynthetic modification of the internal pore surface and/or external crystal surface of hydrophilic or less hydrophobic MOFs is highlighted. Finally, an overview of the recent studies on hydrophobic MOFs for various applications is provided and suggests the high versatility of this unique class of materials for practical use as either adsorbents or nanomaterials. The structural design, preparation strategies, characterization methods, and potential applications of hydrophobic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of unique materials with both microporosity and hydrophobicity, are overviewed herein. It is highlighted that hydrophobic MOFs can be prepared by some facile procedures, and this type of materials can act as either advanced adsorbents or nanomaterials.
Journal Article
Can the ecological protection red line policy promote food security? -- based on the empirical analysis of land protection in China
IntroductionChina’s food security is confronted with multiple pressures such as farmland degradation and ecological constraints. As a crucial factor influencing the ecological environment of food, strictly adhering to the ecological protection red line provides an important institutional guarantee for ensuring grain production capacity. In this context, studying the impact of ecological protection red line policy (ERP) on food security (FS) provides a new research direction for developing countries to safeguard national security and protect national food security.MethodsThis paper selects China as the object of quasi-natural experiment research, takes the panel data of 31 provinces from 2005 to 2023 as the research sample, measures the actual development level of China’s food security by using the entropy method, explores the impact of the ecological protection red line policy on food security by using the different-in-differences model, and investigates the heterogeneity between the two by using the quantile model.ResultsThis study demonstrates that the level of food security in China shows a fluctuating upward trend, confirming that the ecological protection red line policy has a significant promoting effect on food security and demonstrates obvious heterogeneous effects. In addition, land transfer (LT) and land reclamation (LR) have strengthened the promoting effect of the ecological protection red line policy, verifying the mediating role between the two.DiscussionThis study not only enriches the research on the relationship between ecological protection red line policy and food security from a theoretical perspective, but also empirically proves that the implementation of ecological protection red line policy is an important policy guideline for enhancing the ecological protection capacity of land and the sustainable capacity of food production. This research not only provides significant reference for improving the construction of China’s food security risk governance system, but also offers valuable experience for achieving national ecological security and food security.
Journal Article
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A narrative review focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) refer to neurocognitive abnormalities detected during the perioperative periods, including preexisting cognitive impairment, preoperative delirium, delirium occurring up to 7 days after surgery, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and postoperative NCD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐5th edition (DSM‐5) is the golden standard for diagnosing perioperative NCDs. Given the impracticality of using the DSM‐5 by non‐psychiatric practitioners, many diagnostic tools have been developed and validated for different clinical scenarios. The etiology of perioperative NCDs is multifactorial and includes predisposing and precipitating factors. Identifying these risk factors is conducive to preoperative risk stratification and perioperative risk reduction. Prevention for perioperative NCDs should include avoiding possible contributors and implementing nonpharmacologic and pharmacological interventions. The former generally includes avoiding benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, prolonged liquid fasting, deep anesthesia, cerebral oxygen desaturation, and intraoperative hypothermia. Nonpharmacologic measures include preoperative cognitive prehabilitation, comprehensive geriatric assessment, implementing fast‐track surgery, combined use of regional block, and sleep promotion. Pharmacological measures including dexmedetomidine, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen are found to have beneficial effects. Nonpharmacological treatments are the first‐line measures for established perioperative NCDs. Pharmacological treatments are still limited to severely agitated or distressed patients. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders constitute a great challenge for older patients scheduled for surgery because their occurrence is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as enormous medical costs. Preoperative risk stratification and perioperative risk reduction should be adopted for perioperative NCDs prevention and treatment.
Journal Article
Equivalent Nonlinearization Technique for Random Analysis of Nonlinear System With Fractional Derivative Damping
Solving nonlinear systems with fractional derivative damping is often challenging, particularly in cases of strong damping and excitation. To derive solutions for such strong nonlinear systems more concisely, this manuscript presents an approximate method for analyzing the random responses of nonlinear systems with fractional derivative damping. By representing the system responses as generalized harmonic functions, the impact of fractional derivative damping is effectively transformed into a quasilinear damping and quasilinear stiffness with amplitude‐dependent coefficients. Consequently, the nonlinear system with fractional derivative damping is approximately replaced by a modified nonlinear system that excludes the fractional derivative term. The equivalent nonlinear system of this modified nonlinear system is established through a careful selection of the equivalent system family and by minimizing the discrepancies between them. This process leads to an iterative determination of the equivalent nonlinear system, allowing the statistical properties of the original system with fractional derivative damping to be approximated using those of the equivalent system. The consistency of the proposed results with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulations demonstrates the method’s effectiveness, while its simplicity highlights its advantages over conventional stochastic averaging techniques. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be extended to strong nonlinear damping systems, such as hysteresis systems and viscoelastic systems subjected to Gaussian white noise.
Journal Article
Chromium-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation by Altering the Enzymatic Antioxidant System and Associated Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Ultrastructural, and Photosynthetic Changes in Plants
Chromium (Cr) is one of the top seven toxic heavy metals, being ranked 21st among the abundantly found metals in the earth’s crust. A huge amount of Cr releases from various industries and Cr mines, which is accumulating in the agricultural land, is significantly reducing the crop development, growth, and yield. Chromium mediates phytotoxicity either by direct interaction with different plant parts and metabolic pathways or it generates internal stress by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the role of Cr-induced ROS in the phytotoxicity is very important. In the current study, we reviewed the most recent publications regarding Cr-induced ROS, Cr-induced alteration in the enzymatic antioxidant system, Cr-induced lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, Cr-induced DNA damage and genotoxicity, Cr-induced ultrastructural changes in cell and subcellular level, and Cr-induced alterations in photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, we conclude that Cr-induced ROS and the suppression of the enzymatic antioxidant system actually mediate Cr-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants.
Journal Article
Structural basis for nucleosome-mediated inhibition of cGAS activity
Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) through sensing cytosolic double stranded DNA (dsDNA) plays a pivotal role in innate immunity against exogenous infection as well as cellular regulation under stress. Aberrant activation of cGAS induced by self-DNA is related to autoimmune diseases. cGAS accumulates at chromosomes during mitosis or spontaneously in the nucleus. Binding of cGAS to the nucleosome competitively attenuates the dsDNA-mediated cGAS activation, but the molecular mechanism of the attenuation is still poorly understood. Here, we report two cryo-electron microscopy structures of cGAS–nucleosome complexes. The structures reveal that cGAS interacts with the nucleosome as a monomer, forming 1:1 and 2:2 complexes, respectively. cGAS contacts the nucleosomal acidic patch formed by the H2A–H2B heterodimer through the dsDNA-binding site B in both complexes, and could interact with the DNA from the other symmetrically placed nucleosome via the dsDNA-binding site C in the 2:2 complex. The bound nucleosome inhibits the activation of cGAS through blocking the interaction of cGAS with ligand dsDNA and disrupting cGAS dimerization. R236A or R255A mutation of cGAS impairs the binding between cGAS and the nucleosome, and largely relieves the nucleosome-mediated inhibition of cGAS activity. Our study provides structural insights into the inhibition of cGAS activity by the nucleosome, and advances the understanding of the mechanism by which hosts avoid the autoimmune attack caused by cGAS.
Journal Article