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This study aims to comprehensively and profoundly explore the history of changes in China’s physical teachers and physical teaching policies. Focusing on policies related to physical teachers and teaching published between 1950 and 2023, we employed text mining and topic-matching techniques to construct an algorithmic model for analyzing physical teachers and teaching policy topic types and attitude orientations, thereby capturing the internal logic and external characteristics of the policy texts. Through a sub-period analysis, we examined the evolution of physical teachers and teaching policy themes and attitudes across different historical periods. The key findings reveal that policy themes have gradually exhibited a trend of diversification and refinement: initially emphasizing the training of physical teachers’ basic qualities, they shifted to highlighting the promotion of professional skills, and later advocated the development of comprehensive quality and innovative abilities. Concurrently, policy attitudes have transformed from being unitary to pluralistic and from rigid to flexible, with an increasing focus on guidance and encouragement. Additionally, the process of policy change demonstrates continuity and inheritance, which ensures the stability and coherence of the policy system.

The interplay between psychological factors and consumer behavior in sports contexts has drawn significant attention; yet, the mechanisms underlying meaningful sports consumption (MSC) remain underexplored. Basic Psychological Needs (BPNs), team attachment, and self-esteem are key constructs that may influence MSC behaviors, particularly in culturally distinct markets such as China. This study investigates how BPNs’ satisfaction drives MSC directly and indirectly through the mediating roles of team attachment and self-esteem. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzed data from 320 valid responses collected via online and offline surveys. Measurement scales for BPNs, team attachment, self-esteem, and MSC were developed and validated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), ensuring reliability and discriminant validity. The findings show that BPNs impact MSC directly and indirectly through team attachment and self-esteem. Team attachment fosters feelings of nationality, pride, and interest in sports-related information, while self-esteem enhances self-confidence and pride. These psychological constructs lead to MSC behaviours such as supporting domestic sports products, attending local games, and purchasing tickets to support local sports development. Satisfying BPNs is essential for promoting meaningful engagement in sports consumption. Team attachment and self-esteem partially mediate this relationship, providing marketers, sports organizations, and policymakers with insights to enhance fan engagement and promote broader participation in sports. This research advances our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying sports consumer behavior.

Background Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern globally, associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases and detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. Technologically based interventions have emerged as a potential solution to promote physical activity engagement and improve mental health outcomes. However, understanding the effectiveness of these interventions and the role of gender in their outcomes is essential for developing tailored strategies. Objective This study aims to examine the effectiveness of technologically based interventions in promoting physical activity and improving mental health outcomes, with a specific focus on gender differences. Methodology This study employed a three-phase mixed methods research design. Phase one was an experimental phase where 300 participants were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention group received a technologically based physical activity intervention, while the control group did not. Physical activity levels and mental health outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention. Phase two involved qualitative interviews with a subset of participants (n = 20) from the intervention group. These interviews explored motivations and barriers to physical activity, aiming to uncover personal factors influencing engagement. Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring themes. Phase three utilized a quantitative survey to compare motivations and barriers between males and females. The survey, administered to a larger sample, included participants from both intervention and control groups. It assessed various factors and allowed for a quantitative comparison of gender differences. Findings findings indicated that the intervention improved the mental health and physical activities level of the intervention groups. Findings also there are 8 motivations for and barriers to using technology in physical activities. Male and females’ scores on some of the motivations and barriers were statistically significant. Conclusion technology plays an important role in improving the mental health and physical activities of adults. Findings can be used by health care centers, digital psychologists, and physical trainers.

The study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity (PA) levels and externalizing problem behaviors among Chinese adolescents, to inform personalized intervention strategies based on scientific evidence. This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10 to December 15, 2024, among middle and high school students in Sichuan, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangxi provinces in China. A total of 1,718 valid questionnaires were collected (mean age = 14.32 years, SD = 1.45). The sample included 761 middle school students and 957 high school students, PA levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ), and externalizing problem behaviors were measured using the Youth Self-Report (YSR) scale. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to classify PA levels and externalizing problem behaviors, and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between demographic variables and externalizing problem behaviors. The study indicated that: (1) Adolescents in suburban areas exhibited the highest scores in externalizing problem behaviors and PA levels ( p  < 0.05), and externalizing problem behaviors significantly increased with age ( p  < 0.001); (2) Externalizing problem behaviors were categorized into three latent classes: low-problem group (75.1%), moderate-problem group (13.1%), and high-problem group (11.8%); (3) The high-problem group scored the highest across all indicators, especially in aggressive behaviors, whereas the low-problem group had the lowest levels of externalizing behaviors; (4) Multivariate logistic regression revealed that higher PA levels significantly reduced the likelihood of moderate-problem (OR = 0.71, p  < 0.001) and high-problem behaviors (OR = 0.44, p  < 0.001). Higher levels of physical activity are associated with reduced externalizing problem behaviors in adolescents. Based on these findings, it is recommended to incorporate regular physical activity into behavioral intervention programs and develop personalized support strategies tailored to adolescents’ specific characteristics.

Compared with the traditional grid-following photovoltaic grid-connected converter (GFL-PGC), the grid-forming photovoltaic grid-connected converter (GFM-PGC) can provide voltage and frequency support for power systems, which can effectively enhance the stability of power electronic power systems. Consequently, GFM-PGCs have attracted great attention in recent years. When an asymmetrical short-circuit fault occurs in the power grid, GFM-PGC systems may experience transient instability, which has been less studied so far. In this paper, a GFM-PGC system is investigated under asymmetrical short-circuit fault conditions. A novel Q-V droop control structure is proposed by improving the traditional droop control. The proposed control structure enables the system to accurately control the positive- and negative-sequence reactive current without switching the control strategy during the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) period so that it can meet the requirements of the renewable energy grid code. In addition, a dual-loop control structure model of positive- and negative-sequence voltage and current is established for the GFM-PGC system under asymmetrical short-circuit fault conditions. Based on the symmetrical component method, the composite sequence network of the system is obtained under asymmetrical short-circuit fault conditions, and positive- and negative-sequence power-angle characteristic curves are analyzed. The influence law of system parameters on the transient synchronous stability of positive- and negative-sequence systems is quantitatively analyzed through the equal area criterion. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments.

Background The decision-making processes and physical activities of university athletes are crucial for both individual well-being and athletic performance. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides a comprehensive framework for examining the cognitive factors that influence athletes’ participation in physical activity. However, existing applications of TPB have primarily focused on general student populations, leaving a gap in our understanding of how this theory operates within the high-stakes, performance-driven environment of university athletics. This study aims not only to examine how TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) relate to university athletes’ decision-making and physical activity behaviors but also to evaluate the effectiveness of a theory-based intervention designed to enhance these factors. Ultimately, the goal is to inform the development of evidence-based strategies for improving both health outcomes and decision-making competencies among student-athletes. Methods An experimental pretest/posttest control-experimental research method was employed. Data were collected through structured questionnaires designed to assess attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control — different aspects of the decision-making process — as well as the physical activities of the participating university athletes. Data analysis The data collected from the pretests and posttests were analyzed through descriptive statistics (Mean and SD) and inferential statistics (MANCOVA) to compare the mean scores of the control and experimental groups on all study variables. Results The results showed that following an educational intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly improved scores in attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, decision-making process, and physical activity measures, suggesting the effectiveness of the intervention. In contrast, the control group unexpectedly exhibited higher social resistance scores, potentially indicating unintended effects. Conclusions This study highlights the effectiveness of educational interventions in enhancing key determinants of planned behavior and promoting physical activity among university athletes. By establishing a direct link between TPB-based training and measurable improvements in decision-making and behavioral outcomes, the study provides actionable insights for coaches, educators, and sports psychologists seeking to foster more autonomous, health-conscious, and strategically capable athlete populations.

The study aims to investigate the precise processes by which the advancement of physical education and technological progress leads to ecological conservation efforts within China’s distinctive socio-cultural and economic framework. Acknowledging the pivotal role that economic advancement plays in a nation’s environmental sustainability, this research utilizes cross-sectional quantitative data gathered using a five-point Likert scale survey. The sample size included 503 undergraduate students from Zhengzhou, China, and structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. The study investigates how technology progress influences the relationship between compatibility, environmental sustainability, and the relative benefits of physical education. It fills the gap in the literature by illuminating how technical innovation and advanced physical education development contribute to China’s pursuit of a sustainable environment. The findings emphasize the critical significance of higher physical education in fostering environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the research indicates that students participating in more rigorous physical education programs tend to possess a more well-rounded and mature mindset. This mindset is essential for healthy and long-lasting mental development, motivating individuals to critically consider environmental sustainability. The study provides valuable theoretical and practical insights that can be applied to enhance environmental sustainability in the country.

To explore the effects of different dose of aerobic exercise on motor function, balance, mobility, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients, aiming to provide insights into determining the optimal aerobic exercise dose for treating PD. Searching was conducted in four databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The dose of aerobic exercise intervention was evaluated based on the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine regarding the development and maintenance of cardiorespiratory health, muscle strength, and functional mobility in patients with PD. The exercise intervention dose of the included studies were first classified into high ACSM compliance and low ACSM compliance based on meeting 4/6 of the ACSM recommendations. The reliability of the results was then validated using the criterion of meeting 5/6 of the ACSM recommendations. Comparisons of the effects of aerobic exercise dose on Motor function, Balance, Mobility, and QOL in PD patients using standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. When using the 4/6 ACSM compliance criterion, 17 studies were categorized as high ACSM compliance and 12 as low ACSM compliance. The SMD ratios for high versus low ACSM compliance were: UPDRS-III (-0.79: -0.18), BBS (0.60: 0.05), TUG (-0.60: -0.60), and QOL (-1.05: -0.15). When using the 5/6 ACSM compliance criterion, 11 studies were categorized as high ACSM compliance and 19 as low ACSM compliance. The SMD ratios for high versus low ACSM compliance were: UPDRS-III (-0.95: -0.38), BBS (0.48: 0.37), TUG (-0.71: -0.55), and QOL (-0.7: 0.04). This study provides preliminary support for the potential of aerobic exercise to improve certain clinical symptoms in patients with PD. Furthermore, the results indicate that compliance to higher doses of aerobic exercise, as per ACSM standards, may contribute to improvements in motor function, balance, mobility, and quality of life for patients with PD. However, due to the heterogeneity in the studies and the influence of factors that have not yet been fully explored, these conclusions should be interpreted with caution. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed in the future to further verify and clarify the effects of aerobic exercise. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier PROSPERO: CRD42024517548.

Background WRINKLED1 ( WRI1 ) encodes a transcription factor, belonging to the APETALA2 (AP2) family, and plays a key role in regulating plant oil biosynthesis. As a newly woody oil crop, tree peony ( Paeonia rockii ) was notable for the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed oil. However, the role of WRI1 during the accumulation of P. rockii seeds oil remains largely unknown. Results In this study, a new member of the WRI1 family was isolated from P. rockii and was named PrWRI1 . The ORF of PrWRI1 consisted of 1269 nucleotides, encoding a putative protein of 422 amino acids, and was highly expressed in immature seeds. Subcellular localization analysis in onion inner epidermal cells showed that PrWRI1 was located at the nucleolus. Ectopic overexpression of PrWRI1 could significantly increase the total fatty acid content in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and even PUFAs in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Furthermore, the transcript levels of most genes related to fatty acids (FA) synthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly were also up-regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. Conclusions Together, PrWRI1 could push carbon flow to FA biosynthesis and further enhance the TAG amount in seeds with a high proportion of PUFAs.

The commonly-used large-scale knowledge bases have been facing challenges in open domain question answering tasks which are caused by the loose knowledge association and weak structural logic of triplet-based knowledge. To find a way out of this dilemma, this work proposes a novel metaknowledge enhanced approach for open domain question answering. We design an automatic approach to extract metaknowledge and build a metaknowledge network from Wiki documents. For the purpose of representing the directional weighted graph with hierarchical and semantic features, we present an original graph encoder GE4MK to model the metaknowledge network. Then, a metaknowledge enhanced graph reasoning model MEGr-Net is proposed for question answering, which aggregates both relational and neighboring interactions comparing with R-GCN and GAT. Experiments have proved the improvement of metaknowledge over main-stream triplet-based knowledge. We have found that the graph reasoning models and pre-trained language models also have influences on the metaknowledge enhanced question answering approaches.