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HighlightsFace-to-face covalent bridging in-between 2D-nanosheets/graphene heterostructure was constructed by intentionally prebonding of laser-manufactured amorphous and metastable nanoparticles on graphene.The consecutive bonding enables the robust anchoring of ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets on graphene with huge covalent coupling area as well as spontaneous charge transfer in-between the heterostructure.Such laser-manufactured heterostructure is capable of guaranteeing high-flux electron/ion migration and structural integrity upon cycling, thus contributing to the unprecedented Na-storage capability.Establishing covalent heterointerfaces with face-to-face contact is promising for advanced energy storage, while challenge remains on how to inhibit the anisotropic growth of nucleated crystals on the matrix. Herein, face-to-face covalent bridging in-between the 2D-nanosheets/graphene heterostructure is constructed by intentionally prebonding of laser-manufactured amorphous and metastable nanoparticles on graphene, where the amorphous nanoparticles were designed via the competitive oxidation of Sn-O and Sn-S bonds, and metastable feature was employed to facilitate the formation of the C-S-Sn covalent bonding in-between the heterostructure. The face-to-face bridging of ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets on graphene enables the heterostructure huge covalent coupling area and high loading and thus renders unimpeded electron/ion transfer pathways and indestructible electrode structure, and impressive reversible capacity and rate capability for sodium-ion batteries, which rank among the top in records of the SnS2-based anodes. Present work thus provides an alternative of constructing heterostructures with planar interfaces for electrochemical energy storage and even beyond.

Background Wheat is important for global food security. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving spike and spikelet development can benefit the development of more productive varieties. Results Here we integrate single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to generate an atlas of cell clusters and expression domains during the early stages of wheat spike development. We characterize spatiotemporal expression of 99 genes by smFISH in 48,225 cells at early transition (W1.5), late double ridge (W2.5), and floret primordia stages (W3.5). These cells are grouped into 21 different expression domains, including four in the basal region of the developing spikelets and three different meristematic regions, which are consistent across spikelets and sections. Using induced mutants, we reveal functional roles associated with the specific expression patterns of LFY in intercalary meristems, SPL14 in inflorescence meristems, and FZP in glume axillae. Complementary scRNA-seq profiling of 26,009 cells from W2.5 and W3.5 stages identifies 23 distinct cell clusters. We use the scRNA-seq information to impute the expression of 74,464 genes into the spatially anchored smFISH-labelled cells and generate a public website to visualize them. We then use experimental and imputed expression profiles, together with co-expression studies and correlation matrices, to annotate the scRNA-seq clusters. From co-expression analyses, we identify genes associated with boundary genes TCP24 and FZP , as well as the meristematic genes AGL6 and ULT1 . Conclusions The smFISH and scRNA-seq studies provide complementary tools for dissecting gene networks that regulate spike development and identifying new co-expressed genes for functional characterization.

Developing safe and high-voltage solid-state polymer electrolytes for high-specific-energy lithium metal batteries holds great promise. However, low ionic conductivity, limited Li + transference number, narrow voltage window, and high flammability greatly hinder their practical applications. Herein, we propose a puzzle-like molecular assembly strategy to construct a solid-state polymer electrolyte via in situ polymerization. The triallyl phosphate and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate segments are spliced into the vinyl ethylene carbonate matrix to enhance anion affinity and promote lithium salt dissociation, resulting in a high ionic conductivity of 0.432 mS cm -1 and a Li + transference number of 0.70 at 25 °C. Meanwhile, the polymer electrolyte exhibits a high oxidation voltage of 5.15 V, enabled by its intrinsic high-voltage tolerance and the formation of a robust inorganic-rich interphase. As a result, the Li||LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 cell maintains stable performance for 300 cycles and reliably cycles even with an application-oriented mass loading of 15.8 mg cm -2 . The 2.6-Ah Li||LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 pouch cell reaches a high specific energy of 349 Wh kg -1 . Furthermore, the developed polymer electrolyte displays superior nonflammability and the Li||LiFePO 4 cell exhibits stable cycling for over 120 cycles at 100 °C. Both accelerating rate calorimetry and nail penetration tests verify the high safety of the pouch cells using the designed polymer electrolyte, showing the potential for practical applications. Low conductivity and poor thermal safety limit solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Here, authors present a puzzle-like molecular design that enhances salt dissociation and stability, enabling safe, high-voltage batteries with improved cycling performance.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) hold great promise as alternatives to lithium ion batteries in post-lithium age, while face challenges of slow reaction kinetics induced by the inherent characteristics of large-size K + . We herein show that creating sufficient exposed edges in MoS 2 via constructing ordered mesoporous architecture greatly favors for improved kinetics as well as increased reactive sites for K storage. The engineered MoS 2 with edge-enriched planes (EE-MoS 2 ) is featured by three-dimensional bicontinuous frameworks with ordered mesopores of ~ 5.0 nm surrounded by thin wall of ~9.0 nm. Importantly, EE-MoS 2 permits exposure of enormous edge planes at pore walls, renders its intrinsic layer spacing more accessible for K + and accelerates conversion kinetics, thus realizing enhanced capacity and high rate capability. Impressively, EE-MoS 2 displays a high reversible charge capacity of 506 mAh·g −1 at 0.05 A·g −1 , superior cycling capacities of 321 mAh·g −1 at 1.0 A·g −1 after 200 cycles and a capacity of 250 mAh·g −1 at 2.0 A·g −1 , outperforming edge-deficient MoS 2 with nonporous bulk structure. This work enlightens the nanoarchitecture design with abundant edges for improving electrochemical properties and provides a paradigm for exploring high-performance PIBs.

Rational design of gas diffusion layers (GDL) is an example of a long-standing pursuit to increase the power density and reduce the cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). However, current state-of-the-art GDLs are designed by trial-and-error, which is a time-consuming endeavor. Here, we propose a closed-loop workflow of Bayesian machine learning approach to guide the design of GDL structures. With artificial neural network accelerating the calculation of anisotropic transport properties of reconstructed GDLs, Bayesian optimization algorithm identifies optimal structures in only 40 steps, maximizing the PEMFC’s limiting current density. Results suggest that the optimal porous GDL structure consists of highly orientated fibers with moderate diameters, which is successfully fabricated with a controlled electrospinning technique. The PEMFC demonstrates a high power density of 2.17 W cm -2 and a limiting current density of ~7200 mA cm -2 , far exceeding that with commercial GDL (1.33 W cm -2 and ~2700 mA cm -2 ). Rational design of gas diffusion layers (GDL) is critical for enhancing the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here, the authors employ Bayesian machine learning to design aligned GDLs, achieving a limiting current density of 7200 mA cm -2 .

CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) is a RING/WD40 repeat-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase that is conserved from plants to humans. COP1 forms complexes with SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROME A (SPA) proteins, and these complexes degrade positively acting transcription factors in the dark to repress photomorphogenesis. Phytochrome-interacting basic helixloop-helix transcription factors (PIFs) also repress photomorphogenesis in the dark. In response to light, the phytochrome family of sensory photoreceptors simultaneously inactivates COP1-SPA complexes and induces the rapid degradation of PIFs to promote photomorphogenesis. However, the functional relationship between PIFs and COP1-SPA complexes is still unknown. Here, we present genetic evidence that the pif and cop1/spa Arabidopsis thaliana mutants synergistically promote photomorphogenesis in the dark. LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) is stabilized in the cop1 pif1, spa 123 pifq and pif double, triple, and quadruple mutants in the dark. Moreover, the hy5 mutant suppresses the constitutive photomorphogenic phenotypes of the pifq mutant in the dark. PIF1 forms complexes with COP1, HY5, and SPA1 and enhances the substrate recruitment and autoubiquitylation and transubiquitylation activities of COP1. These data uncover a novel function of PIFs as the potential cofactors of COP1 and provide a genetic and biochemical model of how PIFs and COP1-SPA complexes synergistically repress photomorphogenesis in the dark.

Exploiting high‐performance yet low‐cost hard carbon anodes is crucial to advancing the state‐of‐the‐art sodium‐ion batteries. However, the achievement of superior initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and high Na‐storage capacity via low‐temperature carbonization remains challenging due to the presence of tremendous defects with few closed pores. Here, a facile hybrid carbon framework design is proposed from the polystyrene precursor bearing distinct molecular bridges at a low pyrolysis temperature of 800°C via in situ fusion and embedding strategy. This is realized by integrating triazine‐ and carbonyl‐crosslinked polystyrene nanospheres during carbonization. The triazine crosslinking allows in situ fusion of spheres into layered carbon with low defects and abundant closed pores, which serves as a matrix for embedding the well‐retained carbon spheres with nanopores/defects derived from carbonyl crosslinking. Therefore, the hybrid hard carbon with intimate interface showcases synergistic Na ions storage behavior, showing an ICE of 70.2%, a high capacity of 279.3 mAh g−1, and long‐term 500 cycles, superior to carbons from the respective precursor and other reported carbons fabricated under the low carbonization temperature. The present protocol opens new avenues toward low‐cost hard carbon anode materials for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries. A versatile design of hybrid hard carbons with low defects/abundant closed pores and suitable interlayer spacing from polystyrene bearing distinct molecular bridges is proposed via in situ fusion/embedding strategy at low carbonization temperature. They showcase synergistic Na‐ions storage behavior with simultaneous high initial Coulombic efficiency, large capacity, and long‐term stability, which are well‐known paradoxes and have scarcely been achieved at low carbonization temperatures.

Modern maize ( Zea mays ssp. mays ) was domesticated from Teosinte parviglumis ( Zea mays ssp. parviglumis ), with subsequent introgressions from Teosinte mexicana ( Zea mays ssp. mexicana ), yielding increased kernel row number, loss of the hard fruit case and dissociation from the cob upon maturity, as well as fewer tillers. Molecular approaches have identified transcription factors controlling these traits, yet revealed that a complex regulatory network is at play. MaizeCODE deploys ENCODE strategies to catalog regulatory regions in the maize genome, generating histone modification and transcription factor ChIP-seq in parallel with transcriptomics datasets in 5 tissues of 3 inbred lines which span the phenotypic diversity of maize, as well as the teosinte inbred TIL11. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that pollen grains share features with endosperm, and express dozens of “proto-miRNAs” potential vestiges of gene drive and hybrid incompatibility. Integrated analysis with chromatin modifications results in the identification of a comprehensive set of regulatory regions in each tissue of each inbred, and notably of distal enhancers expressing non-coding enhancer RNAs bi-directionally, reminiscent of “super enhancers” in animal genomes. Furthermore, the morphological traits selected during domestication are recapitulated, both in gene expression and within regulatory regions containing enhancer RNAs, while highlighting the conflict between enhancer activity and silencing of the neighboring transposable elements. MaizeCODE maps active regulatory regions tied to maize domestication traits in a diverse panel of tissues and inbreds. It reveals bi-directional enhancer RNAs and the molecular conflicts between activity and silencing of non-coding regions.

For the law enforcement agencies, lawful interception is still one of the main means to intercept a suspect or address most illegal actions. Due to its centralized management, however, it is easy to implement in traditional networks, but the cost is high. In view of this restriction, this paper aims to exploit software-defined network (SDN) technology to contribute to the next generation of intelligent lawful interception technology, i.e., to optimize the deployment of intercept access points (IAPs) in hybrid software-defined networks where both SDN nodes and non-SDN nodes exist simultaneously. In order to deploy IAPs, this paper puts forward an improved equal-cost multi-path shortest path algorithm and accordingly proposes three SDN interception models: T interception model, ECMP-T interception model and Fermat-point interception model. Considering the location relevance of all intercepted targets and the operation and maintenance cost of operators from the global perspective, by the way, we further propose a restrictive minimum vertex cover algorithm (RMVCA) in hybrid SDN. Implementing different SDN interception algorithms based RMVCA in real-world topologies, we can reasonably deploy the best intercept access point and intercept the whole hybrid SDN with the least SDN nodes, as well as significantly optimize the deployment efficiency of IAPs and improve the intercept link coverage in hybrid SDN, contributing to the implementation of lawful interception.