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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators in cancer initiation and progression. TP53TG1 is a recently identified lncRNA and several studies have shown that TP53TG1 may play the role of tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in different tumors. Nevertheless, the involvement of TP53TG1 in carcinogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been characterized. In our studies, we identified that TP53TG1 was highly expressed in PDAC and was a novel regulator of PDAC development. Knockdown of TP53TG1 inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased migration and invasion in PDAC cells, whereas enhanced expression of TP53TG1 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, TP53TG1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)‐96 and effectively function as a sponge for miR‐96, thus antagonizing the functions of miR‐96 and leading to derepression of its endogenous target KRAS, which is a core oncogene in the initiation and maintenance of PDAC. Taken together, these observations imply that TP53TG1 contributes to the growth and progression of PDAC by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to competitively bind to miR‐96 and regulate KRAS expression, which highlights the importance of the complicated miRNA‐lncRNA network in modulating the progression of PDAC. TP53TG1 contributes to the growth and progression of PDAC by acting as a competing endogenous RNA to upregulate KRAS expression through competitive combination with miR‐96, which highlights the importance of the complicated miRNA‐lncRNA network in modulating the progression of PDAC.

Identifying and separating the signal of urbanization effects in current temperature data series is essential for accurately detecting, attributing, and projecting mean and extreme temperature change on varied spatial scales. This paper proposes a new method based on machine learning to classify the observational stations into rural stations and urban stations. Based on the classification of rural and urban stations, the global and regional land annual mean and extreme temperature indices series over 1951–2018 for all stations and rural stations were calculated, and the urbanization effects and the urbanization contribution of global land annual mean and extreme temperature indices series are quantitatively evaluated using the difference series between all stations and the rural stations. The results showed that the global land annual mean time series for mean temperature and most extreme temperature indices experienced statistically significant urbanization effects. The urbanization effects in the mean and extreme temperature indices series generally occurred after the mid-1980s, and there were significant differences of the magnitudes of urbanization effects among different regions. The urbanization effect on the trends of annual mean and extreme temperature indices series in East Asia is generally the strongest, which is consistent with the rapidly urbanization process in the region over the past decades, but it is generally small in Europe during the recent decades.

This is an extended editors’ commentary on the topical collection “Historical and recent change in extreme climate over East Asia”, which collects a total of 15 papers related to the change and variability of extreme climate events in East Asia over the last few hundreds years. The extreme climate events are broadly classified into three categories: temperature and extreme warmth/coldness, precipitation and floods/droughts and western North Pacific typhoons. This commentary briefly summarizes the main findings presented in each paper in this topical collection, and outlines the implications of these findings for monitoring, detecting and modeling of regional climate change and for studying climate change impacts and adaptability. It also assesses the uncertainties of these studies, as well as the remaining knowledge gaps that should be filled in the future. One solid conclusion we can draw from these studies is that there was a marked decadal to multi-decadal variability of extreme climate events in East Asia in recent history, and the extreme events as observed during the last decades of the instrumental era were still within the range of natural variability except for some of those related to temperature. More severe and enduring droughts occurred in the early 20 th century or the earlier periods of history, frequently leading to great famines in northern China. Uncertainties remain in reconstructing historical extreme climate events and analyzing the early instrumental records. Further research could focus on the improvement of methodology in proxy based reconstruction of multi-decadal variations of surface air temperature and precipitation/drought, the recovery, digitization, calibration and verification of the early instrumental records, and the mechanisms of the observed multi-decadal variability of extreme climate in the region.

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a sensitive area to climate change, and snow cover has an important impact. Due to the high altitude and complex terrain, station observations of snow cover on the plateau are sparse but objective, while satellite data have high resolution but limited accuracy. Therefore, an optimized variational processing method based on daily satellite data from 1989 to 2020 and monthly snow cover day data from stations is used to combine their advantages, and a high-resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) monthly dataset of snow cover days during 1989–2020 is obtained. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of snow cover days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau over the past 30 years and compares the differences before and after applying the optimized variational processing method. The variational processing method is also used to reanalyze data on temperature and precipitation. This study confirms the objectivity of the processing method and reveals the regional characteristics of snow cover days and their correlation with temperature and precipitation. The data obtained after optimized variational processing provide a more accurate and detailed representation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of snow cover days. The distribution and variation trends of snow cover days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibit significant spatial differences. The average number of snow cover days during the snow season is 45.51 d, with 22.74 d in winter. The Qaidam Basin and the southwestern part of the plateau are areas with low snow cover days, while high-altitude mountainous areas have higher values. Overall, there is no significant change in snow cover days during the snow season, but there is a significant decreasing trend of −1.50 d/10 yr in winter. The snow cover days in the plateau’s hinterland and low-altitude areas mainly show a decreasing trend, while high-altitude mountainous areas show an increasing trend. Snow cover days in the western part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are both influenced by temperature and precipitation in winter, while precipitation dominates in the eastern part.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare congenital heart defect where the pulmonary veins abnormally connect to the systemic venous circulation, rather than the left atrium (LA). This study retrospectively analyzed 48 children diagnosed with TAPVC from January 2014 to January 2024 to investigate how specific echocardiographic and morphological characteristics impact prognosis. Perioperative records, including echocardiography, computed tomography angiography (CTA) images, surgical details, and patient outcomes, were reviewed. Data were statistically analyzed using tools such as t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, χ² tests, and logistic regression. Key factors examined included age at surgery, anatomical subtype of TAPVC, presence of preoperative obstruction, surgical techniques used, and postoperative complications. By identifying the impact of these variables on survival rates and hospital recovery, the study aims to improve risk stratification and management strategies for better outcomes in children with TAPVC.

The purpose of this study was to develop a dynamic model to predict the risk of spontaneous preterm birth at < 32 weeks in twin pregnancy. A retrospective clinical study of consecutively asymptomatic women with twin pregnancies from January 2017 to December 2019 in two tertiary medical centres was performed. Data from one centre were used to construct the model, and data from the other were used to evaluate the model. Data on maternal demographic characteristics, transvaginal cervical length and funnelling during 20–24 weeks were extracted. The prediction model was constructed with independent variables determined by multivariate logistic regression analyses. After applying specified exclusion criteria, an algorithm with maternal and biophysical factors was developed based on 88 twin pregnancies with a preterm birth < 32 weeks and 639 twin pregnancies with a delivery ≥ 32 weeks. It was then evaluated among 34 pregnancies with a preterm birth < 32 weeks and 252 pregnancies with a delivery ≥ 32 weeks in a second tertiary centre without specific training. The model reached a sensitivity of 80.00%, specificity of 88.17%, positive predictive value of 50.33% and negative predictive value of 96.71%; ROC characteristics proved that the model was superior to any single parameter with an AUC of 0.848 (all P < 0.005). We developed and validated a dynamic nomogram model to predict the individual probability of early preterm birth to better represent the complex aetiology of twin pregnancies and hopefully improve the prediction and indication of interventions.

Snow cover days (SCD) have increased significantly in winter on the Western Kunlun Mountains and Eastern Pamir Plateau (hereafter referred to as KMPP for short), however the causes have not been well understood so far. Here, we use remote sensing data to analyze the abnormal increase in SCD on the KMPP and explore its causes from the perspective of the local factors and water vapor transport caused by sea surface temperatures (SST) warming. We discover that the winter SCD on the KMPP increased significantly at a rate of 4.75 days/decade (significant at the 0.01 level) during 1989–2020, while there has been a significant decrease on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), with a rate of −1.50 days/decade (significant at the 0.1 level). Based on ERA5, GPCP, GHCN, and station data, we find that, in contrast to the significant warming observed on the TP, temperature changes on the KMPP are negligible, while precipitation is increasing, differing from the decreasing precipitation trend observed on the TP. The differences in local temperature and precipitation changes cause different variations in SCD between the KMPP and the TP. The increase in SCD on the KMPP is primarily driven by increased precipitation (over 97% contribution), with minimal impact from the more or less unchanged temperature. In contrast, the decline in SCD on the TP results from decreased precipitation and significantly increased temperature. Furthermore, we found that changes in SCD on the KMPP are significantly correlated with SST in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Based on the correlation vector, the anomaly field in the high/low SCD years of water vapor transport, and the FLEXPART model, we show that the northern North Atlantic Ocean is one of the major water vapor sources affecting the SCD on the KMPP. The warming SST in the northern North Atlantic Ocean enhances water vapor transport to the KMPP in winter, leading to an abnormal increase in the SCD that differs from the overall trend on the TP. The findings are conductive to further understand the peculiarity of winter precipitation and SCD on the KMPP, and the “Western Kunlun Mountains Oddity” in mountain glacial change.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors versus radiotherapy plus chemotherapy in driver gene-negative patients with non–small cell lung cancer and brain metastases. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology–compliant) enrolled 60 consecutive driver gene-negative patients with non–small cell lung cancer and brain metastases (29 radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors, 31 radiotherapy plus chemotherapy) treated between June 2018 and December 2023, with follow-up until July 2025. Survival, tumor response, and immune-related adverse events were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods, Cox models, and chi-square tests. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and used deidentified data. Results Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors significantly prolonged median overall survival (586 vs. 509 days, p = 0.0208) and progression-free survival (494 vs. 383 days, p = 0.0127) as well as improved objective response rate (34.48% vs. 19.35%, p = 0.0394) and disease control rate (75.86% vs. 51.61%, p = 0.0265) compared with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Favorable prognostic factors included age <60 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status <2, programmed death-ligand 1 tumor proportion score ≥50%, and absence of extracranial metastasis. Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors–related immune-related adverse events (24.14%) were mostly grades 1–2, with no grade ≥4 events. Conclusions Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors may confer survival benefits and favorable safety in driver gene-negative patients with non–small cell lung cancer and brain metastases. However, caution is warranted in interpreting these findings, which require validation in large-scale prospective studies.

The prognosis for the WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma is better than IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) patients. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential mechanism of how IDH1 mutation can increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and to establish a risk-score model to predict the efficacy of radiotherapy in WHO grade 4 gliomas. First, we conducted experimental study on the effect of IDH1 R132H mutation on glioma cells in vitro. Radiosensitivity of glioma cells was detected by γ-H2AX after 5 Gy radiation. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined respectively by CCK-8, EDU, monolayer cell migration scratch assay and Transwell assay. Then we analyzed IDH1 gene status and the survival of WHO grade 4 glioma patients received radiotherapy in our center and verified our results by analyzing CGGA and TCGA database. For the risk-score model, we use CGGA data to find genetic differences between WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma and IDH-wildtype GBM patients, and determined a 4-gene radiotherapy-related signature through survival analysis by R software. Evaluation and verification through different glioma validation sets and different statistical methods. For in vitro experiments, we established glioma cells stably overexpressing IDH1 wild-type and IDH1-mutant proteins. γ-H2AX assay showed that IDH1-mutant glioma cells had higher radiosensitivity than wild-type. CCK-8 and EDU assay showed that proliferation capacity of IDH1-mutant glioma cells declined. Transwell assay and monolayer cell migration scratch assay also showed that IDH1-mutant glioma cells reduced migration and invasion capabilities. Among the 83 WHO grade 4 glioma patients who received radiotherapy in our center, WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma patients had longer OS and PFS versus IDH-wildtype GBM (P = 0.0336, P = 0.0324, respectively). TCGA and CGGA database analysis had the similar results. Through complex analysis of CGGA and TCGA databases, we established a risk-model that can predict the efficacy of radiotherapy for WHO grade 4 glioma patients. The 4-gene radiotherapy-related signature including ADD3, GRHPR, RHBDL1 and SLC9A9. Patients in the high-risk group had worse OS compared to low-risk group (P = 0.0001). High- and low-risk groups of patients receiving radiotherapy have significant survival differences, while patients who did not receive radiotherapy have no survival difference both in CGGA and TCGA databases. WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma is more radiosensitive than IDH-wildtype GBM patients. Our 4-gene radiotherapy-related signature can predict the radiation efficacy of WHO grade 4 glioma patients, and it may provide some reference for clinical treatment options.

The understanding of centennial trends of extreme temperature has been impeded due to the lack of early-year observations. In this paper, we collect and digitize the daily temperature data set of Northeast China Yingkou meteorological station since 1904. After quality control and homogenization, we analyze the changes of mean and extreme temperature in the past 114 years. The results show that mean temperature (Tmean), maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) all have increasing trends during 1904–2017. The increase of Tmin is the most obvious with the rate of 0.34 °C/decade. The most significant warming occurs in spring and winter with the rate of Tmean reaching 0.32 °C/decade and 0.31 °C/decade, respectively. Most of the extreme temperature indices as defined using absolute and relative thresholds of Tmax and Tmin also show significant changes, with cold events witnessing a more significant downward trend. The change is similar to that reported for global land and China for the past six decades. It is also found that the extreme highest temperature (1958) and lowest temperature (1920) records all occurred in the first half of the whole period, and the change of extreme temperature indices before 1950 is different from that of the recent decades, in particular for diurnal temperature range (DTR), which shows an opposite trend in the two time periods.