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Hadisler, sahâbe döneminden itibaren çeşitli yollarla muhafaza ve kayıt altına alınmaya başlanmış; bu faaliyet tâbiîn devrinde de daha sonra ortaya çıkacak farklı tasnif sistemlerinin nüvesini teşkil edecek nitelikteki yöntemlerle devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda henüz hicri yetmiş yıllarına varmadan hadis öğreniminde hatırlamaya yardımcı olması için öğrenciler tarafından ilim meclisine gelmezden önce rivayetlerden bir pasaj/yazma şeklinde not tutma tarzında ortaya çıkan etrâf usulü, çok kısa bir sürede muhaddisler tarafından benimsenip uygulanmıştır. Böylece ilk yazılı hadis vesikalarının oluşmasına da imkân sağlayan bu metot, rivayet türü eserlerin tasnifi ile birlikte onlardan âzami ölçüde faydalanmayı temin etmek ve aranılan haberin kaynağına kısa yoldan ve tez elden ulaşılmasını sağlamak amacıyla bir tasnif ve tahrîc sitemine evrilmiş, neticede fihrist niteliğindeki etrâf edebiyatının ortaya çıkmasına olanak sunmuştur. Nitekim sahâbe isimlerine veya hadis metinlerine göre alfabetik düzenlenmiş söz konusu literatürün ilk örnekleri, hicri 4. asırdan itibaren zuhur etmiş böylece alana dair birikimden hızlı bir şekilde yararlanmanın da önü açılmıştır. İşte bu makale, hem kitâbet, hem tasnif hem de tahrîc açısından büyük bir önem arz eden etrâfların tarihî seyrini, hadis alanına katkılarını ve literatürünü konu edinmektedir.

In this study, Linear Discriminant Analysis ( LDA ) is applied to investigate the electron beam effects on the X -pinch produced K -shell Aluminum plasma. The radiating plasma is produced by the explosion of two 25-μm Al wires on a compact L-C (40 kV, 200 kA and 200 ns) generator, and the time integrated spectra are recorded using de Broglie spectrographs. The ion and electron oscillations of K-shell Al plasma are extracted using LDA of spectral database of non-LTE K-shell Al model. A three dimensional representation of LDA shows that the presence of electron beam exhibits outward spirals of Langmuir turbulence and the center region of the spirals recieves lower electron temperatures of 50–100 eV. These spirals then are modeled by logistic growth of predator-prey model. This modeling suggests that the ions (LD1: most dominant eigenvector of LDA) and electrons (LD2: second most dominant eigenvector of LDA) represent the predators and preys, respectively. Besides, addition of electron beams transforms evanescent oscillations to the standing ones.

There is an increasing interest to bio-components obtained from fruit & vegetable wastes. Anthocyanin is one of the components regained from fruits especially from red ones. Sour cherry is considered as industrial fruit since most of the grown fruit is processed into juice and hence considerable amount of pomace is removed from process. The influences of process parameters on the extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace were investigated. Fifty-one percent ethanol concentration, 75 °C temperature and 12 mL/g solvent to solid ratio were selected as optimum process parameters. Time effect on the process efficiency was monitored at three different temperatures (25, 50 and 75 °C) and total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents were found to reach equilibrium concentrations between 80 and 100 min time intervals. Ethanol concentrations affected differently extraction yield of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics. Various individual phenolic compounds present in sour cherry pomace were identified and quantified by HPLC equipped with UV/Vis PDA. Of the phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside, neochlorogenic acid and catechin were the most abundant ones found in the pomace. 14.23 ± 0.38 mg/g total phenolic, 0.41 ± 0.02 mg/g total anthocyanin, 0.19 ± 0.02 mg/g cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside, 0.22 ± 0.01 mg/g neochlorogenic acid and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/g catechin contents (dry weight) were determined in the pomace at optimum extraction conditions.

In addition to the sawms that are ordered and recommended in Islam, there are also sawms that are prohibited or not welcomed in certain times and situations. Sawm on the thirtieth day (yawm al-shakk) of the month of Shaʿbān, when the month of Ramaḍān cannot be decreed to have started, is one of them. The Prophet mentioned that Allah allocated the hilāls for people to arrange the times and in principle, he wanted to start fasting with the sighting of the moon, and to calculate the amount of the month in case of cloudy weather in order to avoid any doubt. Despite this, different narrations have emerged in the ḥadīth literature about fasting on the yawm al-shakk and this situation has even been reflected in the sectarian jurisprudence. As a result, three basic views and practices emerged during the time of ṣaḥabah, tābiʿūn and tebeʿu’t-tābiʿīn that considered it makruh to fast except for the usual fast that coincided with the day in question, that fasting could be kept, and that the decision of the administration should be taken into account in order to prevent possible conflicts. In this article, the riwāyahs about fasting in the yawm al-shakk pertaining to the Prophet, the ṣaḥābah, tābiʿīn and the later period are discussed and analyzed with their practical aspects, and finally, the views of the sect imams are also included.

Recent studies suggest that nanocelluloses may help protect frozen foods’ structure, thereby preserving quality parameters during storage. This study examined the impact of nanocellulose treatment on the frozen quality of sour cherries. Nanocellulose produced from pistachio hull was incorporated into sour cherries using vacuum impregnation, and its cryoprotective role was assessed using three different freezing techniques: static, air-blast, and individual quick frozen (IQF). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) demonstrated the interactive effects of the parameters. During 6 months of storage, nanocellulose pretreatment resulted in significantly lower drip loss, ion leakage, and color difference while retaining high levels of anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity compared to the non-treated group. Texture analysis also showed that using nanocellulose could compensate for the disadvantage of slow freezing. Pectin methylesterase (PME) activity values fitted to 2nd order kinetic, and the highest residuals were determined in static freezing. Strong correlations ( P  < 0.01) were found between drip loss and color difference ( r  = 0.662), hardness and ion leakage ( r  = 0.605), and color difference and a w values ( r  = 0.628). Graphical Abstract

Ḥadīths have been preserved and recorded in various ways since the Companions. These activities continued dur-ing the Tābiīn (the successors of the Companions) Period. So much so that these methods have formed the infra-structure of other methods that will emerge later. In this context, before the 70's (A.H.), works named al-Aṭrāf appeared. How-ever, these first works consisted of the notes that they wrote some of the ḥadīths before com-ing to the science assemblies to help students remember in ḥadīth learning. Ḥadīth scholars have adopted and applied this method in a very short time. Thus, this method also provided the opportunity for the formation of the first written ḥadīth documents. In addition, with the writing of ḥadīth works, it has turned into a system of al-Taṣnīf and al-Takhrīj in order to make maximum use of these books and to reach the source of a narration that is tried to be found. As a result, al-Aṭrāf literature, which can be evaluated as index, has emerged. As a mat-ter of fact, the first examples of this literature, arranged alphabetically according to the names of the Companions or ḥadīth texts, started to be given since the 4th (A.H.) century. In this way, the way to quickly benefit from the accumulation of the ḥadīth area has been opened. This article focuses on the historical adventure of al-Aṭrāf and their contributions to the ḥadīth field, as well as literature knowledge of the works of al-Aṭrāf which are of great importance for both al-Kitābah, al-Taṣnīf and al-Takhrīj.

This study examines the feasibility of integrating vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) civil aircraft into urban environments in Türkiye, with a focus on adapting existing building structures and urban planning regulations. The research investigates the structural, legislative, and urban design modifications needed to support the safe operation of personal and family-use VTOL vehicles. Case studies from Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Diyarbakır, and Samsun highlight the challenges and opportunities posed by both old, unplanned urban areas and newer, systematically developed regions. The findings reveal the need for significant legal reforms, including updates to civil aviation regulations, and structural adjustments such as rooftop reinforcements to support VTOL operations. The study emphasizes that incorporating aircraft-friendly infrastructure in new urban developments is more cost-effective than retrofitting existing buildings. It also highlights the importance of creating dedicated take-off, landing, and parking areas within urban spaces to accommodate the growing demand for urban air mobility. The research concludes that proactive urban planning, legislative changes, and technological innovation are critical for fostering sustainable urban air mobility, enhancing transportation efficiency, and ensuring safety in Türkiye’s evolving urban landscapes.

Phytonutrient metabolism in sour cherries takes place during fruit ripening. This study demonstrated that total phenolic–flavonoid contents decline during ripening while total anthocyanin content significantly increases at the same period. There were no detectable anthocyanins in green cherry fruits. Anthocyanin biosynthesis started concurrently with color formation. Cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were the early anthocyanins accumulated in fruits and were accompanied with cyanidin-3-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-glucoside in fully ripe fruits. Phenylpropanoid pathway involves anthocyanin biosynthesis, and chalcone synthase (CHS) is one of the key enzymes regulating the pathway. Three CHS genes (PcChs1, PcChs2, PcChs3) were isolated from sour cherry genome, and their transcription profiles were determined using the RT-PCR approach. There was no CHS gene expression before breaker stage, and PcChs1, PcChs2, PcChs3 transcription were upregulated in parallel with pigmentation in sour cherry cells and PcChs1 had the highest transcripts in fully ripe fruits.

This study aimed to produce cellulose nanoparticles from pistachio hull via four different protocols. First, microcellulose was produced by consecutive purification protocols then sulfuric acid (C), microwave-assisted sulfuric acid (MW), hydrotropic solvent (HS), and deep-eutectic solvent (DES) extraction systems were implemented. The effectiveness of process parameters was scrutinized by response surface methodology. Genetic programming and genetic algorithm, the most promising evolutionary-learning strategies, were also recruited to fit models and find optimum points, respectively. The nanoparticles produced at optimum conditions were characterized, and structural, morphological, and chemical properties were compared by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and zeta-potential analyses. HS and DES resulted in higher yields (up to 79.9 and 90.6%, respectively), while C and MW provided higher crystallinity indexes (61.1 and 62.2%, respectively). The highest viscosity values were obtained by DES. All nanocellulose samples exhibited elastic properties according to storage modulus (Gʹ) and loss modulus (Gʺ) data at varying frequencies. Still, DES-treated nanocellulose suspension showed the highest Gʹ and Gʺ values which indicate adequate nanofibrillation. The underutilized industrial by-product could be a new raw material for producing either cellulose nanocrystals or nanofibrils. Graphical Abstract