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According to Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860), the world has two true aspects: representation and will. In the most general sense, Schopenhauer thinks that the inner essence of the world is will and representation is a veil that does not show the inner essence of the world. In the general, ordinary, rational, or scientific perspective, the world is explained according to the causal nexus between the conceptions, but Schopenhauer argues that the inner essence of the world cannot be subjected to such an explanation. Because sciences and rational philosophical systems advancing on a scientific basis do not provide a sufficient understanding of the inner essence of the world. According to him, it is possible to approach the comprehension of the inner essence of the world is possible perceptually, not abstractly, and art provides the possibility of approaching such a comprehension. The aim of this thesis is to discuss what is in the essence of the world with the cognition provided by philosophy and art, by following the original thoughts of Schopenhauer. According to Schopenhauer, both art and philosophy offer a true meaning to the essence of the world and life. However, in order to explain this meaning correctly, the sources on which Schopenhauer's holistic thought is based and his unique concepts will be examined in detail in this study.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and cause of death among women in many countries. Monthly breast selfexamination is an effective diagnostic method for breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the knowledge level and practice frequency of breast selfexamination among the students of the GATA Nursing School, the nurses of the GATA Hospital and some female patients who applied to the GATA Hospital. Hundred per cent of the nurses, 82% of the patients and 99% of the nursing students had sufficient knowledge about breast self-examination. Fifty eight per cent of the nurses, 20% of the patients and 53% of the nursing students reported regular practice of monthly breast selfexamination. However 8% of the nurses, 33% of the patients and 14% of the nursing students reported no practice of breast self-examination (p<.001). Although participants' knowledge and practice level of breast self-examination are higher than those reported in similar national and international studies, it is not adequate considering the importance of early diagnosis of breast cancer, which is the most commonly observed cancer among women.

Meme kanseri, birçok ülkede kadınlarda en sık görülen kanser türü ve ölüm nedenidir. Her ay düzenli olarak kendi kendine meme muayenesi yapılması, meme kanseri için etkili bir tanı yöntemidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı GATA Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu öğrencilerinin, GATA Eğitim Hastanesi klinik hemşirelerinin ve klinik/polikliniklere başvuran bayan hastaların kendi kendine meme muayenesi hakkında bilgi düzeyleri ve uygulama durumlarını belirlemektir. Katılımcılardan hemşirelerin %100'ü, hastaların %82'si, öğrencilerin ise %99'u kendi kendine meme muayenesini bilmektedir. Hemşirelerin %58'inin, hastaların %20' sinin, öğrencilerin %53'ünün kendi kendine meme muayenesini her ay düzenli olarak yaptıkları görülmüştür. Buna karşın hemşirelerin %8'i, hastaların %33'ü, öğrencilerin %14'ü kendi kendine meme muayenesini hiç yapmadıklarını belirtmişlerdir (p<0.001). Çalışmaya katılan hastaların yurt içi ve yurt dışında gerçekleştirilen benzer çalışma sonuçlarına göre kendi kendine meme muayenesini bilme ve uygulama sıklıkları yüksek bulunmakla birlikte, kadınlarda en sık görülen kanser olan meme kanserinde erken tanının önemi dikkate alındığında, bunun yeterli olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and cause of death among women in many countries. Monthly breast selfexamination is an effective diagnostic method for breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the knowledge level and practice frequency of breast selfexamination among the students of the GATA Nursing School, the nurses of the GATA Hospital and some female patients who applied to the GATA Hospital. Hundred per cent of the nurses, 82% of the patients and 99% of the nursing students had sufficient knowledge about breast self-examination. Fifty eight per cent of the nurses, 20% of the patients and 53% of the nursing students reported regular practice of monthly breast selfexamination. However 8% of the nurses, 33% of the patients and 14% of the nursing students reported no practice of breast self-examination (p<0.001). Although participants' knowledge and practice level of breast self-examination are higher than those reported in similar national and international studies, it is not adequate considering the importance of early diagnosis of breast cancer, which is the most commonly observed cancer among women.

V2O5 nanostructures were successfully deposited on glass substrates by hydrothermal method at 180 °C for the deposition times of 4, 6, 8, 10 h. The effect of deposition time on the structural, morphological, compositional and H2S gas sensing properties of the nanostructures were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDAX and gas measurement system, respectively. The XRD and SEM studies indicated that the nanostructures had polycrystalline nature with monoclinic phase of V2O5 and the structural and morphological properties of the nanostructures depended on the deposition time. The sensing measurements of the sensors were made based on temperature and gas concentration. The sensors exhibited high responses towards 50 ppm H2S gas concentration at operating temperature of 145 °C. In addition, the sensors showed acceptable responses at temperatures below the operating temperature of 50 °C. It was seen that the gas sensing properties of the nanostructure deposited for 6 h deposition time were better than others.

The aim of the study was to obtain a smart textile material with shape memory alloys. NiMn-based shape memory alloy was produced by arc melting system for this purpose. Phase transition temperatures of the fabricated alloy were determined by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The crystallographic structure of the fabricated alloy was characterized by x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The fabricated shape memory alloy was converted to the particle form and filled into polymer matrix to obtain shape memory effect of this polymeric composite material. Polymeric composites (PCs) were produced in film form and shape training of PCs were studied under different conditions. The shape memory behavior of samples was investigated into the water for fast response during applying heat. Damping capacity of composites was measured by using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) according to temperature rising. The shape recovery was observed under certain stimuli on the SMA filled polymeric composites.

Objective: Immunotherapies are commonly employed for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, predictive biomarkers still need to be improved to predict responses to these agents. The lymphocyte–albumin (LA) laboratory index has not been evaluated before in this patient group. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between the LA index and the survival rate of metastatic NSCLC patients who had immunotherapy after at least one round of chemotherapy. Methods: The research included 227 patients diagnosed with metastatic NSCLC, who were administered nivolumab after at least one round of chemotherapy. The LA index was calculated by multiplying lymphocyte count and albumin concentration. The optimal threshold values for the index were established by the examination of the ROC curve for both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Oncological data were obtained retrospectively from patient files, and survival analyses were performed. Results: The median follow-up was 7.9 months. Progression was observed in 129 (56.9%) patients. A total of 97 (42.7%) patients died during the follow-up. The cutoff values of the LA index to predict OS and PFS were determined as 52.87 and 57.67, respectively. The low-LA group had significantly lowered OS and PFS compared to the high-LA group. LA was found to be an independent prognostic factor for PFS (hazard ratio 4.47; 95% confidence interval, 2.73–7.34; p < 0.001) and OS (hazard ratio 6.24; 95% confidence interval, 3.46–11.25; p < 0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. Conclusions: In this study, we observed that the LA index independently predicts OS and PFS in immunotherapy-treated metastatic NSCLC patients. Its ease of application, low cost, and noninvasive nature make it a potential guide for clinicians in predicting treatment responses and survival.

Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression levels are upregulated in various types of cancer and are associated with adverse outcomes. However, there is limited research on SIRT1 expression in types of gynecological cancer. The present study primarily sought to investigate the expression characteristics of SIRT1 in non-endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC) using immunohistochemistry. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the impact of SIRT1 expression levels on progression-free survival (PFS). The present study was a single-center, retrospective cohort study that included patients who underwent hysterectomy between June 2017 and December 2021 and had a postoperative histopathological diagnosis of non-endometrioid EC. The tissue slides were stained with a monoclonal antibody targeting the SIRT1 protein. The nuclear staining reaction of SIRT1 was considered to be positive in the presence of any percentage of nuclear staining. The cytoplasmic staining reaction of SIRT1 was assessed using the immune reactivity scoring (IRS) system, which was determined by multiplying the scores for the staining percentage and staining intensity. IRS values of 0 to 2 were considered as negative expression; 3 to 4 as low expression; 6 to 8 as moderate expression; and 9 to 12 as high expression. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify factors influencing PFS. Data from a total of 43 patients who met the eligibility criteria were presented. Cytoplasmic staining with SIRT1 was detected in all samples (100%), whereas no nuclear staining was evident in any of the tissue samples. According to the IRS results, 20.9% of samples exhibited negative cytoplasmic expression, 14.0% exhibited low expression, 37.2% exhibited moderate expression and 27.9% exhibited high expression. The estimated 3-year PFS rate was 43.6%. Cox regression models demonstrated no independent factor influencing PFS. In conclusion, SIRT1 expression was found to be cytoplasmic in non-endometrioid EC. According to the IRS, ~80% of cases exhibited varying degrees of SIRT1 expression. However, SIRT1 expression levels had no significant impact on PFS.

BackgroundAutomated peritoneal dialysis (APD) is increasingly preferred worldwide. By using a software application (Homechoice with Claria sharesource system (CSS)) with a mod-M added to the APD device, details of the home dialysis treatment become visible for PD nurses and physicians, allowing for close supervision. We aimed to evaluate the perceptions of patients/caregivers, PD nurses, and physicians about the advantages and disadvantages of CSS.MethodsThree different web-based questionnaires for patients/caregivers, nurses, and physicians were sent to 15 pediatric nephrology centers with more than 1 year of experience with CSS.ResultsRespective questionnaires were answered by 30 patients/caregivers, 22 pediatric nephrologists, and 15 PD nurses. Most of the nurses and physicians (87% and 73%) reported that CSS improved patient monitoring. A total of 73% of nurses suggested that CCS is not well known by physicians, while half of them reported reviewing CSS data for all patients every morning. Sixty-eight percent of physicians thought that CSS helps save time for both patients/caregivers and healthcare providers by reducing visits. However, only 20% of patients/caregivers reported reduced hospital visits. A total of 90% of patients/caregivers reported that being under constant monitoring made them feel safe, and 83% stated that the patient’s sleep quality improved.ConclusionsA remote monitoring APD system, CSS, can be successfully applied with children for increased adherence to dialysis prescription by giving shared responsibility and may help increase the patient’s quality of life. This platform is more commonly used by nurses than physicians. Its potential benefits should be evaluated in further well-designed clinical studies with larger patient groups.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Background/Objectives: Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are commonly tested routine lipid profiles (RLPs) for assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While lipid levels are typically measured by using standard clinical chemistry tests in routine practice, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has recently been explored for its ability to determine lipid levels under clinical settings. This study aims to compare RLP and NMR analysis using 17,337 fresh serum samples. Additionally, it investigates the impacts of freezing–thawing on these parameters in 9559 frozen samples. Methods: RLP was performed by employing the Siemens Dimension clinical chemistry system. Furthermore, the lipid contents of the fresh and frozen serum samples were evaluated across different concentration ranges. Results: Lipid parameters of fresh samples ascertained with RLP and NMR were strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.93). Analysis with frozen samples revealed that the correlation between lipid measurements decreased below r ≤ 0.86, except for TG (r = 0.97). Additionally, at different concentration ranges, the lower-level ranges for all lipid parameters in both fresh and frozen samples exhibited weaker correlations. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NMR spectroscopy is a reliable, rapid, chemical-free method for lipid analysis in fresh samples. However, in frozen samples, relying on NMR to support RLP offers a less reliable approach for lipid measurement.

Determination of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin by immunohistochemistry in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) may constitute a potential diagnostic method for identifying patients with a catenin β1 (CTNNB1) gene mutation and those at risk of disease recurrence. The present study aimed to investigate β-catenin expression patterns in hysterectomy specimens of patients with endometrioid type EC using immunohistochemistry, and to examine the prognostic impact of β-catenin. The study was a single-institutional, retrospective cohort trial enrolling consecutive patients with a postoperative histopathological diagnosis of endometrioid EC who underwent hysterectomy between January 2015 and December 2018. Histopathology slides from 75 patients were stained with a monoclonal antibody targeting the β-catenin protein. Any percentage of nuclear staining, whether focal or diffuse, was considered 'β-catenin nuclear-positive'. The cytoplasmic staining reaction of β-catenin was assessed based on the percentage of stained cells and staining intensity. Immune-reactivity score (IRS) values were determined by multiplying the scores for the percentage of staining and staining intensity. IRS values 0 to 2 were regarded as negative expression, 3 to 4 as low expression, 6 to 8 as moderate expression, and 9 to 12 as high expression. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was used as the prognostic endpoint. Only 2 out of 75 tissue samples (2.7%) exhibited nuclear β-catenin expression, with a low staining percentage of 5%. By contrast, cytoplasmic staining was observed in all samples (100%). According to the IRS findings, 1.3% of the samples exhibited negative cytoplasmic expression, 42.7% low expression, 38.7% moderate expression and 17.3% high expression. Cox regression analysis revealed that staining with β-catenin, either nuclear or cytoplasmic, had no impact on RFS, and stage was the sole independent prognostic factor. In conclusion, based on these results, β-catenin expression in endometrioid EC was revealed to be mostly cytoplasmic, with only 2.7% of tissue samples exhibiting nuclear expression. Overall, β-catenin expression has no impact on RFS.