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In the past, conventional Czerny–Turner spectrometers were usually designed to achieve high resolution while often ignoring astigmatism in the sagittal direction. In contrast, by replacing the focusing mirror with a freeform surface in the structure, we can obtain a Czerny–Turner spectrometer with low keystone distortion by controlling the astigmatism. At the same time, the area sensor can receive all of the spectrum from the optical system. In this paper, we briefly describe the formation of keystone distortion and smile in a plane grating. Additionally, the validity of the method is verified through simulation. Finally, we evaluated the smile and keystone distortion of both the initial and final systems. The keystone and smile were reduced to 1.77 μm and 8.3 μm, respectively, over the wavelength range of 535 nm to 630 nm. Concurrently, the resolution achieved was 0.4 nm.

Salt effects on the aggregation behavior of tripolar zwitterionic surfactants in aqueous solutions have been investigated using surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM), and 1 H NMR. The tripolar zwitterionic surfactants with different inter-charge spacers are [C 14 H 29 (CH 3 ) 2 N + C s N + (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 − ]Br − (C 14 C s Tri, C s  = –(CH 2 ) 2 –, –(CH 2 ) 6 –, –(CH 2 ) 10 –, and p -xylyl). It is found that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of the corresponding traditional zwitterionic surfactant C 14 H 29 (CH 3 ) 2 N + CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 − (TPS) are almost constant with the increase of the NaBr concentration. However, the CMC values of C 14 C s Tri decrease sharply at a lower NaBr concentration and then level off at a higher NaBr concentration. Moreover, the decreasing extents of the CMC values for C 14 C 2 Tri, C 14 C 6 Tri, and C 14 C px Tri are very close, but more significant than that for C 14 C 10 Tri, suggesting that the self-assembly ability of the tripolar zwitterionic surfactants with a longer inter-charge spacer is less sensitive to NaBr. The DLS and FF-TEM results reveal that C 14 C 2 Tri, C 14 C 6 Tri, and C 14 C px Tri form micelles without NaBr and that the size slightly increases with the increase of NaBr concentration, whereas micelles and vesicles coexist for C 14 C 10 Tri and TPS without NaBr and then transfer to micelles upon the addition of NaBr. The salt-induced morphological transition for C 14 C 10 Tri is further studied using 1 H NMR. The addition of NaBr reduces both the electrostatic repulsion between the same charged ammoniums and the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ammonium and sulfonate. Thus, the longer inter-charge spacer of C 14 C 10 Tri tends to be more bended and the sulfonate group becomes available to contact the ammonium, which promotes micellization.

[Purpose/Significance] User privacy protection is an important core value issue. This paper analyzes the privacy protection services of Cornell University Library in order to provide reference for domestic libraries. [Method/Process] This paper clarifies the connotation of privacy right, analyzes the necessity and significance of privacy protection services in libraries, reviews the development progress and research of privacy protection. On this basis, the paper analyzes and summarizes privacy protection services from four dimensions of service formation, service organization structure and service content, technical support and security of Cornell University Library by online survey, literature research and e-mail consultation. [Results/Conclusions] Combined with the situations of domestic libraries, the paper presents some suggestions to promote privacy protection services in China including improving awareness of privacy protection and service, strengthening development and application of privacy technolog

Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response（CPSR） on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response（PSR） model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 10^6 to 10 × 10^6 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ（orange warning） or grade Ⅲ（yellow warning）. Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.

Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agri- cultural modernization （IUAM）, and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water re- sources intensity （WRI）, water environment intensity （WEI）, water resources relative efficiency （WRRE） and water environment relative efficiency （WERE） are defined with reference to energy in- tensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of ＂Three Red Lines＂ （the upper limit of wa- ter resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge） is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China pos- sesses ＂club convergence＂ characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north-south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency （WRE） of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwest- ern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part,had a low relative intensity of the water environment （WERI） and high integrated water environment management （IWEM） performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources （WRRI） were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management （IWRM） in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower.

The reaction of SO2 with NO2 on the surface of aerosol particles has been suggested to be important in sulfate formation during severe air pollution episodes in China. However, we found that the direct oxidation of SO2 by NO2 was slow and might not be the main reason for sulfate formation in ambient air. In this study, we investigated the multiphase reaction of SO2 with an O2 ∕ NO2 mixture on single CaCO3 particles using Micro-Raman spectroscopy. The reaction converted the CaCO3 particle to a Ca(NO3)2 droplet, with CaSO4 ⚫ 2H2O solid particles embedded in it, which constituted a significant fraction of the droplet volume at the end of the reaction. The reactive uptake coefficient of SO2 for sulfate formation was on the order of 10−5, which was higher than that for the multiphase reaction of SO2 directly with NO2 by 2–3 orders of magnitude. According to our observations and the literature, we found that in the multiphase reaction of SO2 with the O2 ∕ NO2 mixture, O2 was the main oxidant of SO2 and was necessary for radical chain propagation. NO2 acted as the initiator of radical formation, but not as the main oxidant. The synergy of NO2 and O2 resulted in much faster sulfate formation than the sum of the reaction rates with NO2 and with O2 alone. We estimated that the multiphase oxidation of SO2 by O2 initiated by NO2 could be an important source of sulfate and a sink of SO2, based on the calculated lifetime of SO2 regarding the loss through the multiphase reaction versus the loss through the gas-phase reaction with OH radicals. Parameterization of the reactive uptake coefficient of the reaction observed in our laboratory for further model simulation is needed, as well as an integrated assessment based on field observations, laboratory study results, and model simulations to evaluate the importance of the reaction in ambient air during severe air pollution episodes, especially in China.

Histological imaging is essential for the biomedical research and clinical diagnosis of human cancer. Although optical microscopy provides a standard method, it is a persistent goal to develop new imaging methods for more precise histological examination. Here, we use nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as quantum sensors and demonstrate micrometer-resolution immunomagnetic microscopy (IMM) for human tumor tissues. We immunomagnetically labeled cancer biomarkers in tumor tissues with magnetic nanoparticles and imaged them in a 400-nm resolution diamond-based magnetic microscope. There is barely magnetic background in tissues, and the IMM can resist the impact of a light background. The distribution of biomarkers in the high-contrast magnetic images was reconstructed as that of the magnetic moment of magnetic nanoparticles by employing deep-learning algorithms. In the reconstructed magnetic images, the expression intensity of the biomarkers was quantified with the absolute magnetic signal. The IMM has excellent signal stability, and the magnetic signal in our samples had not changed after more than 1.5 y under ambient conditions. Furthermore, we realized multimodal imaging of tumor tissues by combining IMM with hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence microscopy in the same tissue section. Overall, our study provides a different histological method for both molecular mechanism research and accurate diagnosis of human cancer.

Background Accurate preoperative identification of high-risk pathological features in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma is critical for guiding surgical decisions and improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram to predict high-risk pathology in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma located in the left upper lobe (LUL), an anatomical site with distinct surgical implications. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 545 patients with clinical stage IA LUL adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery between January 2018 and May 2022. The cohort was randomly divided into training (80%) and validation (20%) sets. Independent predictors were identified via multivariate logistic regression and further validated using LASSO regression. A nomogram was constructed and evaluated using ROC curves, calibration plots, decision curve analysis (DCA), and bootstrap resampling. Results High-risk pathology, defined by the presence of solid/micropapillary predominant patterns, complex glandular architecture, STAS, or LVI, was observed in 19.1% of patients. Four independent preoperative predictors were identified: elevated CEA levels, larger CT-measured tumor size, invasive histology on frozen section, and higher mean CT value. The nomogram demonstrated excellent discriminative ability, with AUCs of 0.837 in the training set and 0.865 in the validation set. Internal validation by bootstrap resampling confirmed model stability. Conclusion The proposed nomogram integrates routinely available clinical, radiologic, and intraoperative variables to enable individualized preoperative risk assessment for high-risk pathology in stage IA LUL adenocarcinoma. This tool may assist surgeons in tailoring surgical approaches and identifying patients who may benefit from more extensive resection or adjuvant therapy. Prospective external validation is required to confirm generalizability.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy with limited treatment options for patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). Teclistamab, a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) × CD3 bispecific antibody, has shown promising results in clinical trials and real-world studies. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and meeting libraries were searched from inception to 14 November 2024. The assessed outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival, time to next treatment, duration of response, overall response rate (ORR), ≥complete response (≥CR), ≥very good partial response (≥VGPR), VGPR, partial response, and adverse events. In total, 34 studies involving 4,064 patients were included. In pairwise meta-analysis, teclistamab demonstrated superior OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-0.89; p = 0.037] compared to existing RRMM treatments. Real-world studies showed comparable ORR (62%, 95% CI: 58%-66%) but slightly lower survival outcomes, possibly because of shorter follow-up times and higher-risk populations. Subgroup analyses revealed enhanced efficacy with combination therapies (ORR: 85% vs 62%, p < 0.0001) and notable clinical benefits in the China cohort (≥VGPR: 77%, ≥CR: 58%). Safety profiles indicated manageable cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, though infection risks required vigilant management. Teclistamab continues to be a promising and effective treatment option for RRMM patients, including those previously exposed to BCMA-targeted therapies, and offers new hope for overcoming resistance and achieving better early disease control. Further research is needed to optimize its application in diverse populations, particularly in Asian cohorts. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero, identifier CRD42025633838.