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To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its variants have been reported as a novel public health concern threatening us worldwide. The presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in COVID-19-infected patients is a major problem due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, and it can possibly make the management of COVID-19 in patients more problematic. The impact of co-infection by K. pneumoniae on COVID-19 patients was explored in the current review. The spread of K. pneumoniae as a co-infection among critically ill COVID-19 patients, particularly throughout hospitalization, was identified and recorded via numerous reports. Alarmingly, the extensive application of antibiotics in the initial diagnosis of COVID-19 infection may reduce bacterial co-infection, but it increases the antibiotic resistance of bacteria such as the strains of K. pneumoniae. The correct detection of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae can offer a supportive reference for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the prevention and control of K. pneumoniae are required to minimize the risk of COVID-19. The aim of the present review is, therefore, to report on the virulence factors of the K. pneumonia genotypes, the drug resistance of K. pneumonia, and the impact of K. pneumoniae co-infection with COVID-19 on patients through a study of the published scientific papers, reports, and case studies.

To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its variants have been reported as a novel public health concern threatening us worldwide. The presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in COVID-19-infected patients is a major problem due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, and it can possibly make the management of COVID-19 in patients more problematic. The impact of co-infection by K. pneumoniae on COVID-19 patients was explored in the current review. The spread of K. pneumoniae as a co-infection among critically ill COVID-19 patients, particularly throughout hospitalization, was identified and recorded via numerous reports. Alarmingly, the extensive application of antibiotics in the initial diagnosis of COVID-19 infection may reduce bacterial co-infection, but it increases the antibiotic resistance of bacteria such as the strains of K. pneumoniae. The correct detection of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae can offer a supportive reference for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the prevention and control of K. pneumoniae are required to minimize the risk of COVID-19. The aim of the present review is, therefore, to report on the virulence factors of the K. pneumonia genotypes, the drug resistance of K. pneumonia, and the impact of K. pneumoniae co-infection with COVID-19 on patients through a study of the published scientific papers, reports, and case studies.

Currently, it’s critical to develop efficient and focused processes for the extraction and separating the naturally occurring bioactive substances in the plant extracts. Helicobacter pylori is involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders, from gastritis without symptoms to stomach cancer. Induction of releasing bioactive compounds from rosemary plant extract with the evaluating of its anti- H. pylori , anti-hemolytic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and healing properties was the aim of the present study. Rosemary plant was treated by moist heat, then extracted and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) compared to un-moist plant. The concentration of detected compounds except ferulic acid in moist rosemary extract (MRE) was more than that un-moist rosemary extract (UMRE). Concentrations of rosmarinic acid (34299.24 and 28341.54 µg/mL), ellagic acid (4106.39 and 2785.53 µg/mL), gallic acid (3763.63 and 2611.37 µg/mL), rutin (2456.26 and 1263.93 µg/mL) were recognized in MRE and UMRE, respectively. Well diffusion approach against H. pylori reflected that the inhibition zone caused by MRE was more (29.50 ± 0.5 mm) than that caused by NMRE (22.00 ± 1.0 mm). Moreover, MRE exhibited less minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (3.9 µg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (7.8 µg/mL) than UMRE (62.5 µg/mL). Hemolysis in the existence of H. pylori was more affected by MIC (25, 50, and 75%) of UMRE (12 ± 1.33, 4.3 ± 0.75, and 1.8 ± 0.33%) than MRE (19.7 ± 1.2, 6.0 ± 1.66, 3.3 ± 0.33%), respectively. Radical scavenging activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reflected low IC 50 value (3.45 µg/mL) of MRE compared to UMRE (5.02 µg/mL). Moreover, antioxidant potential via total antioxidant capacity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power indicated that the MRE was more actually than NMRE. α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition was attractive using MRE with IC 50 values of 3.18 ± 0.33 and 3.91 ± 0.25 µg/mL, compared to IC 50 values of 7.34 ± 0.33 and 21.23 ± 0.87 µg/mL, respectively using UMRE.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for life-threating diseases such as pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis. Of the nearly 100 distinct pneumococcal serotypes, pneumococcal serotype 1 is described as one of main causes of invasive disease worldwide. One highly enigmatic feature of serotype 1 resides in its being rarely detected in human nasopharyngeal specimens.Aim: The aim of this project was to compare serotype 1 lineage A (ST306) and C (ST615) with respect to their immunological and virulence properties using both in vitro and in vivo tools, as well as their differential gene expression profile.Methods: A series of in vitro experiments were performed to assess the ability of serotype 1 to adhere and invade epithelial cells, and to determine its ability to inhibit phagocytosis and gain insight into the mechanisms involved. In parallel, three in vivo standardized mouse models of pneumococcal infection were exploited to examine the virulence properties of ST306 and ST615 and their ability to colonise the nasopharyngeal tissue. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of in vitro cultures of ST306 and ST615 was carried out in an attempt to identify differential expression patterns.Results: ST615 serotype 1 was determined to be highly virulent, causing the death of 80-100% of infected mice by around 48h post-infection, while all mice infected with ST306 survived when using pneumococcal doses inductive of invasive pneumonia model. In a nasopharyngeal carriage mouse model, ST306 serotype 1 was shown to be able to establish colonisation persisting up to 28 day post-administration, although at a much lower density compared to ST615. While ST615 was capable of establishing nasopharyngeal colonization, clearance occurred earlier at day 14 compared to ST306. RNA gene expression analysis focused on virulence factors and critical biological functions determined that ST615 serotype 1 presented a profile consistent with its weak colonisation and its invasive properties. The genes associated with capsule synthesis were not differentially expressed between ST615 and ST306 but that other virulence factors such as psp, pavA, ply andcpbD were differentially expressed.Conclusions: Although ST306 and ST615 possessed a unique and virulent capsule, ST306 was not able to cause pneumonia to mice model.

Objectives: Medication-related problems are a top concern of clinical pharmacists. Medication-related problems can cause patient harm and increase the number of visits, hospital admissions, and length of hospital stay. The objective was to assess clinical pharmacy medication-related problem-related interventions in a tertiary care setting. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) between June 2021 and June 2022. The data were extracted monthly from a new web-based Microsoft Excel application documenting medication-related problems during any stage of the medication use process. Results: A total of 5310 medication-related problem-related interventions in 1494 patients were performed. The departments associated with the highest frequency of medication-related problem-related interventions were the critical care unit (26.9%), intensive care unit (23.8%), anticoagulation clinic (17.1%), medical ward (11.3%), and nephrology unit (6.8%). The most common type of medication-related problem-related interventions included inappropriate dosage regimens (25.6%), monitoring drug effect or therapeutic drug monitoring (24.4%), requirement of additional drug therapy (21.9%), and inappropriate drug selection (14.1%). The proposed interventions were accepted by physicians in 97% of the incidents. The most frequent medication classes associated with medication-related problem-related interventions were cardiovascular agents (47.6%), antimicrobial agents (27.2%), and nutrition and blood substitute agents (11.4%). The most frequent medication groups associated with medication-related problem-related interventions were anticoagulants (25.6%) and antibiotics (25.2%). Conclusions: The current findings characterize the medication-related problem-related interventions addressed in clinical pharmacy at a tertiary care setting. The high rate of physician acceptance emphasizes the integral patient safety role of clinical pharmacy services.