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Wild licorice in China is mainly distributed in northern China, such as Gansu, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia Provinces. The origin of wild licorice has varied among historical periods. The cultivated origin of planted licorice has the same as 59.26% of wild licorice. The distribution of cultivated licorice was shifted to the northwest relative to that of wild licorice. The yield and quality of cultivated licorice vary greatly from different origins, showing a certain pattern of variation from west to east. The same batch of licorice seedlings was planted at 8 sites overlapping the main licorice production areas in China. The yield and quality of licorice in the Baicheng experimental plot were low. The yield of licorice in the Jingtai and Altay experimental plots was high, but the quality was poor. The quality of licorice in Chifeng and Yuzhong experimental sites was high, but the yield was low. Principal component analysis of environmental and soil factors generated five characteristic roots with a cumulative contribution rate of 80%, three of which were related to soil and referred to as the soil charge factor, soil water factor, and soil nutrient factor, and the load coefficients of the water and nutrient factor were the largest. Soil conditions, especially water and nutrients, might have a substantial effect on the observed changes in the licorice production area. Generally, the regulation of water and nutrients merits special attention when selecting areas for the production and cultivation of licorice. This study can provide reference for the selection of cultivated licorice production areas and the research of high-quality cultivation techniques.

Learning-based computer-generated hologram (CGH) demonstrates great potential for real-time high-quality holographic displays. However, real-time 4K CGH generation for 3D scenes remains a challenge due to the computational burden. Here, a variant conventional neural network (CNN) is presented for CGH encoding with learned layered initial phases for layered CGH generation. Specifically, the CNN predicts the CGH based on the input complex amplitude on the CGH plane, and the learned initial phases act as a universal phase for any target images at the target depth layer. These phases are generated during the training process of the coding CNN to further optimize the quality. The CNN is trained to learn encoding 3D CGH by randomly selecting the depth layer in the training process, and contains only 938 parameters. The generation time for a 2D 4K CGH is 18 ms, and is increased by 12 ms for each layer in a layered 3D scene. The average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of each layer is above 30dB in the depth range from 160 to 210 mm. Experiments verify that our method can achieve real-time layered 4K CGH generation.

The multi-target assignment (MTA) problem, a crucial challenge in command control, mission planning, and a fundamental research focus in military operations, has garnered significant attention over the years. Extensively studied across various domains such as land, sea, air, space, and electronics, the MTA problem has led to the emergence of numerous models and algorithms. To delve deeper into this field, this paper starts by conducting a bibliometric analysis on 463 Scopus database papers using CiteSpace software. The analysis includes examining keyword clustering, co-occurrence, and burst, with visual representations of the results. Following this, the paper provides an overview of current classification and modeling techniques for addressing the MTA problem, distinguishing between static multi-target assignment (SMTA) and dynamic multi-target assignment (DMTA). Subsequently, existing solution algorithms for the MTA problem are reviewed, generally falling into three categories: exact algorithms, heuristic algorithms, and machine learning algorithms. Finally, a development framework is proposed based on the \"HIGH\" model (high-speed, integrated, great, harmonious) to guide future research and intelligent weapon system development concerning the MTA problem. This framework emphasizes application scenarios, modeling mechanisms, solution algorithms, and system efficiency to offer a roadmap for future exploration in this area.

The unique performance advantages of hypersonic vehicles represent a critical challenge for existing defense systems. To facilitate defensive operations against hypersonic vehicles in near space, this paper systematically discusses both the advantages of these vehicles and the difficulties in intercepting them. Focusing on the state-of-the-art terminal guidance laws for intercepting hypersonic vehicles in near space, we examine research progress in the area of single- and multi-interceptor cooperative guidance laws and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. We also highlight future research directions for developing an effective terminal guidance law for multi-interceptor cooperative interception of hypersonic vehicles, based on four aspects: the information domain, space domain, physical domain, and effect-cost ratio. The findings provide a reference for further research into near-space interceptor terminal guidance technologies.

Urban expansion results in a large number of land creation projects in the Chinese Loess Plateau. This has strikingly catalyzed hilltops being cut and valleys or low lands being filled by bulldozed mountain. Meanwhile, a large number of check dams were built into the loess gully to store soil and water. This paper studied a case of check dam failure, which resulted in rapid loess mudflow in a bulldozed mountain area. To investigate kinematic characteristics of the mudflow and trigger mechanism of the dam failure, in situ feature measurements, physical property tests, triaxial tests, and groundwater simulations were carried out. The field investigation revealed that moisture content of the loess in the filled area was very high and that the dam failure was most likely due to groundwater seepage. The VS2DI simulation of the check dam showed that its material was over saturated due to moisture migration in it, which significantly affected its stability. The simulation results are consistent with those of the field investigation. Rapid mobility of the mudflow could be attributed to liquefaction of the loess behind the dams. Meanwhile, the movement velocities calculated from by in situ mud splash height are related to the deposited volume of the mobilized materials at corresponding sites.

Atractylodes lancea rhizome (AR) has high medicinal and economic value. A previous study has reported that the accumulation of sesquiterpenoids in AR has obvious advantages under bamboo canopy. A concrete shade value to promote the cultivation of high-quality AR has not been established. In this study, 80% shading was screened at six different light intensities (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, 7%), and the mechanism was explored in terms of photosynthetic efficiency and phytohormones levels. The results indicated that the total sesquiterpenoid content of 80% mild shading increased by 58%, 52%, and 35%, respectively, compared to 100% strong light in seedling, expansion, and harvest stages and increased by 144%, 178%, and 94%, respectively, compared with 7% low light. The sesquiterpenoids hinesol and β-eudesmol contributed approximately 70% to the differential contribution ratio between mild shading and strong light (100%) or between mild shading and low light (7%). Furthermore, HMGR, DXR, and FPPS genes, which regulate sesquiterpenoid synthesis, were significantly upregulated in 80% mild shading. Transpiration rate; the intercellular CO 2 concentration; net photosynthetic rate; and levels of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and gibberellin were strongly correlated (r > 0.85) with sesquiterpenoid accumulation. Cis-acting elements responding to light and phytohormones were present within the promoter regions of HMGR, DXR, and FPPS. Therefore, 80% shading promotes the synthesis and accumulation of sesquiterpenoids in AR by regulating photosynthetic efficiency and phytohormone production, thereby promoting transcriptional expression.

Root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease of Salvia miltiorrhiza and dramatically affected the production and quality of Sa. miltiorrhiza . Besides the agricultural and chemical control, biocontrol agents can be utilized as an additional solution. In the present study, an actinomycete that highly inhibited F. oxysporum was isolated from rhizosphere soil and identified as based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Greenhouse assay proved that the strain had significant biological control effect against Sa. miltiorrhiza root rot disease and growth-promoting properties on Sa. miltiorrhiza seedlings. To elucidate the biocontrol and plant growth-promoting properties of St-220, we employed an analysis combining genome mining and metabolites detection. Our analyses based on genome sequence and bioassays revealed that the inhibitory activity of St-220 against F. oxysporum was associated with the production of enzymes targeting fungal cell wall and metabolites with antifungal activities. Strain St-220 possesses phosphate solubilization activity, nitrogen fixation activity, siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid production activity in vitro , which may promote the growth of Sa. miltiorrhiza seedlings. These results suggest that St. albidoflavus St-220 is a promising biocontrol agent and also a biofertilizer that could be used in the production of Sa. miltiorrhiza .

In this paper, a hollow-core negative curvature fiber (HC-NCF) with high birefringence is proposed for low refractive index (RI) sensing based on surface plasmon resonance effect. In the design, the cladding region of the HC-NCF is composed of only one ring of eight silica tubes, and two of them are selectively filled with the gold wires. The influences of the gold wires-filled HC-NCF structure parameters on the propagation characteristic are investigated by the finite element method. Moreover, the sensing performances in the low RI range of 1.20–1.34 are evaluated by the traditional confinement loss method and novel birefringence analysis method, respectively. The simulation results show that for the confinement loss method, the obtained maximum sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit of the gold wires-filled HC-NCF-based sensor are −5700 nm/RIU, 2.63 × 10−5 RIU, and 317 RIU−1, respectively. For the birefringence analysis method, the obtained maximum sensitivity, resolution, and birefringence of the gold wires-filled HC-NCF-based sensor are −6100 nm/RIU, 2.56 × 10−5 RIU, and 1.72 × 10−3, respectively. It is believed that the proposed gold wires-filled HC-NCF-based low RI sensor has important applications in the fields of biochemistry and medicine.

Accurate component analytical solution is very important to gas path prognostics and diagnostics of a gas turbine. However, due to the highly complex nonlinear behavior of component performance, the nonlinear relationships between various key parameters still should be further studied. For this purpose, a new component analytical solution is proposed to enhance the current adaptation and diagnostics scheme of gas turbines. First, the tuning factors are defined to construct the enhanced component analytical solution and identify the nonlinear behaviors more accurately. Second, a sensitivity analysis for tuning factors is performed to understand the effect of each factor on the shape of component maps. Then, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to capture the optimal tuning factors, and then the performance adaptation is implemented. Finally, the proposed method has been validated with normal field data and fouling fault field data of a PGT25+ gas turbine. Compared with two earlier off-design point adaptation methods, the proposed method shows some advantages in performance adaptation and diagnostics.

Gratings inscribed in polymer optical fibre (POF) have attracted remarkable interest for many potential applications due to their distinctive properties. This paper overviews the current state of fabrication of POF gratings since their first demonstration in 1999. In particular we summarize and discuss POF materials, POF photosensitivity, techniques and issues of fabricating POF gratings, as well as various types of POF gratings.