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Micro-thermoelectric coolers are emerging as a promising solution for high-density cooling applications in confined spaces. Unlike thin-film micro-thermoelectric coolers with high cooling flux at the expense of cooling temperature difference due to very short thermoelectric legs, thick-film micro-thermoelectric coolers can achieve better comprehensive cooling performance. However, they still face significant challenges in both material preparation and device integration. Herein, we propose a design strategy which combines Bi 2 Te 3 -based thick film prepared by powder direct molding with micro-thermoelectric cooler integrated via phase-change batch transfer. Accurate thickness control and relatively high thermoelectric performance can be achieved for the thick film, and the high-density-integrated thick-film micro-thermoelectric cooler exhibits excellent performance with maximum cooling temperature difference of 40.6 K and maximum cooling flux of 56.5 W·cm −2 at room temperature. The micro-thermoelectric cooler also shows high temperature control accuracy (0.01 K) and reliability (over 30000 cooling cycles). Moreover, the device demonstrates remarkable capacity in power generation with normalized power density up to 214.0 μW · cm −2  · K −2 . This study provides a general and scalable route for developing high-performance thick-film micro-thermoelectric cooler, benefiting widespread applications in thermal management of microsystems. The micro-thermoelectric coolers face challenges in high-performance material preparation and high-density device integration. Here, the authors combine Bi 2 Te 3 -based film prepared by powder direct molding with micro-thermoelectric cooler integrated via phase-change batch transfer.

Background Larimichthys crocea , commonly known as large yellow croaker, is a marine species of significant commercial value in East Asia. However, overfishing and long-term artificial breeding have raised concerns about the genetic diversity and adaptive capacity of farmed populations. Understanding the genetic differentiation and environmental adaptation between wild and cultured populations is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable aquaculture development. Results Whole-genome resequencing of 195 individuals revealed: (1) Significant genetic divergence between wild and farmed populations (764,656 SNPs), with cultured stocks showing 18–22% lower heterozygosity; (2) 153 selective sweep regions containing 739 candidate genes, including hsp40 (thermal adaptation) and ndufs6 (energy metabolism); (3) Genome-environment association identifying 9,265 loci linked to salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (RDA adj. R² =0.036, P  < 0.001); (4) Strong isolation-by-environment patterns (Mantel R² =0.89, P  = 0.042) outweighing geographical distance effects. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that environmental factors rather than geography drive genetic differentiation in L. crocea , with aquaculture populations exhibiting signatures of both artificial selection and reduced adaptive potential. These findings provide actionable insights for conservation management and marker-assisted breeding to maintain genetic diversity in cultured stocks.

Larimichthys crocea (also known as the large yellow croaker) is one of the most economically important marine fishes in China, and research on the ecology and genetics of this species is of immense significance. In this study, we performed restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) of 54 individuals collected from four sites in China to analyze the genetic structure and diversity of large yellow croaker at the genome level. It revealed that the large yellow croaker populations in the Ningde and Zhoushan coastal waters can be clearly distinguished. Different genetic diversity indices were used to analyze the genetic diversity of the large yellow croaker, which showed that there was a differentiation trend between the wild and farmed populations in Ningde. Moreover, we identified genetically differentiated genomic regions between the populations. GO gene enrichment analysis identified genes that are related to fatty acid metabolism and growth. These findings enhance our understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to different living environments, providing a theoretical basis for the preservation and restoration of the genetic resources of the large yellow croaker.