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"Yan, Ning"
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Anthropogenic Aerosols Contribute to the Recent Decline in Precipitation Over the U.S. Southwest
The winter‐spring precipitation over the Southwestern United States (SWUS) decreased since 1980. It is frequently attributed to Pacific internal decadal variability, but recent studies found anthropogenic aerosols (AA) can also induce a transition to a negative Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV) phase. We revisit the attribution of SWUS drying by quantifying the contributions of anthropogenically forced decadal Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs). Applying a low‐frequency component analysis to observations, Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) all‐forcings and single‐forcing large ensembles, we find up to 42% of the observed precipitation trend to be related to the AA‐induced negative PDV‐like pattern, which is driven by the emission shift from the Western to the Eastern Hemisphere. In CESM2, other radiative forcings counteract the influence of AA, but it remains unclear whether the model correctly simulates this balance. This implies that the near‐future trajectories of these forcings, in particular Asian aerosols, are important for projections of SWUS precipitation. Plain Language Summary Water resources of the Southwestern United States (SWUS) rely on winter‐spring precipitation, which has been declining since 1980. To understand the reasons for the decline, we evaluate the impacts of human‐caused Pacific Sea Surface Temperature (SST) changes on SWUS precipitation. We use observations and climate model experiments together with statistical approaches. We find evidence that the shift of aerosol emissions from the Western to the Eastern Hemisphere induced a change in Pacific SSTs that in turn favors a winter‐spring SWUS precipitation decline. Additionally, we showed that other human‐caused factors, such as greenhouse gases, can offset the impact of aerosols. This means that the near‐future SWUS precipitation change depends on the trajectories and the interactions of these various human‐caused factors. Key Points We quantify the role of anthropogenic aerosols in post‐1980 Pacific sea surface temperatures and the U.S. Southwest precipitation decline Internal variability dominates the winter‐spring precipitation trend but aerosols contribute to it through their influence on Pacific SSTs Community Earth System Model version 2 simulates a tug‐of‐war between aerosols and other forcings (e.g., greenhouse gases) and its response to aerosols might be too weak
Journal Article
Brain activation patterns of English language semantic processing in autistic groups
BackgroundAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and there are certain differences in the brain activation patterns of English language semantic processing among autistic individuals. The research aims to explore the brain activation patterns of autistic groups during English semantic processing thus to enhance their understanding of language development.Subjects and MethodsThe study used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) technology, combined with the task paradigm of English word meaning processing, to study the brain activation patterns of individuals with autism. By comparing the differences in brain activation patterns between two groups in word meaning processing tasks, researchers attempted to reveal the specific neural mechanisms involved in language processing in autistic groups. At the same time, SPSS23.0 statistical software was used to process the data.ResultsThrough comparative experiments, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) score and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) score of the experimental group were 7.53 and 31.24 respectively; The HAMA and GSES scores of the control group were 10.84 and 25.81, respectively. The results indicate that the processing of English language word meanings has a brain activation effect on people with autism.ConclusionsResearch can promote the understanding of the cognitive and neural mechanisms of autism, and contribute to improving daily communication and life quality for autistic groups.AcknowledgementThe Education Department of Hainan Province (No. Hnjgzc2022-121); The Education Department of Hainan Province (No. Hnjgw2022-13).
Journal Article
State of the Art in Defect Detection Based on Machine Vision
Machine vision significantly improves the efficiency, quality, and reliability of defect detection. In visual inspection, excellent optical illumination platforms and suitable image acquisition hardware are the prerequisites for obtaining high-quality images. Image processing and analysis are key technologies in obtaining defect information, while deep learning is significantly impacting the field of image analysis. In this study, a brief history and the state of the art in optical illumination, image acquisition, image processing, and image analysis in the field of visual inspection are systematically discussed. The latest developments in industrial defect detection based on machine vision are introduced. In the further development of the field of visual inspection, the application of deep learning will play an increasingly important role. Thus, a detailed description of the application of deep learning in defect classification, localization and segmentation follows the discussion of traditional defect detection algorithms. Finally, future prospects for the development of visual inspection technology are explored.
Journal Article
Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes encapsulated in pluronic F127 hydrogel promote wound healing and regeneration
Background
Large area skin trauma has always been a great challenge for both patients and clinicians. Exosomes originating from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) have been a novel promising cell-free treatment in cutaneous damage repair. Nevertheless, the low retention rate of exosomes post-transplantation in vivo remains a significant challenge in clinical applications. Herein, we purposed to explore the potential clinical application roles of hADSCs-Exos encapsulated in functional PF-127 hydrogel in wound healing.
Methods
hADSCs-Exos were isolated from human hADSCs by ultracentrifugation. An injectable, biocompatible, and thermo-sensitive hydrogel Pluronic F-127 hydrogel was employed to encapsulate allogeneic hADSCs-Exos, and this complex was topically applied to a full-thickness cutaneous wound in mice. On different days post-transplantation, the mice were sacrificed, and the skin tissue was excised for histological and immunohistochemical analysis.
Results
Compared with hADSCs-Exos or PF-127 only, PF-127/hADSCs-Exos complexes enhanced skin wound healing, promoted re-epithelialization, increased expression of Ki67,
α
-SMA, and CD31, facilitated collagen synthesis (Collagen I, Collagen III), up-regulated expression of skin barrier proteins (KRT1, AQP3), and reduced inflammation (IL-6, TNF-
α
, CD68, CD206). By using PF-127/hADSCs-Exos complexes, hADSCs-Exos can be administrated at lower doses frequency while maintaining the same therapeutic effects.
Conclusion
Administration of hADSCs-Exos in PF-127 improves the efficiency of exosome delivery, maintains the bioactivity of hADSCs-Exos, and optimizes the performance of hADSCs-Exos. Thus, this biomaterial-based exosome will be a promising treatment approach for the cutaneous rejuvenation of skin wounds.
Journal Article
A unified view on catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics
Originating from the desire to improve sustainability, producing fuels and chemicals from the conversion of biomass and waste plastic has become an important research topic in the twenty-first century. Although biomass is natural and plastic synthetic, the chemical nature of the two are not as distinct as they first appear. They share substantial structural similarities in terms of their polymeric nature and the types of bonds linking their monomeric units, resulting in close relationships between the two materials and their conversions. Previously, their transformations were mostly studied and reviewed separately in the literature. Here, we summarize the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastics, with a focus on bond activation chemistry and catalyst design. By tracking the historical and more recent developments, it becomes clear that biomass and plastic have not only evolved their unique conversion pathways but have also started to cross paths with each other, with each influencing the landscape of the other. As a result, this Review on the catalytic conversion of biomass and waste plastic in a unified angle offers improved insights into existing technologies, and more importantly, may enable new opportunities for future advances.
Biomass and plastic share structural similarities in their composition and types of bond linkage between their monomeric units. Reviewing their catalytic conversion technologies in a unified angle provides new insights and opportunities for future advances.
Journal Article
Intracranial Aneurysms: Pathology, Genetics, and Molecular Mechanisms
Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are local dilatations in cerebral arteries that predominantly affect the circle of Willis. Occurring in approximately 2–5% of adults, these weakened areas are susceptible to rupture, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of hemorrhagic stroke. Due to its early age of onset and poor prognosis, SAH accounts for > 25% of years lost for all stroke victims under the age of 65. In this review, we describe the cerebrovascular pathology associated with intracranial aneurysms. To understand IA genetics, we summarize syndromes with elevated incidence, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole exome studies on IA-affected families, and recent research that established definitive roles for Thsd1 (Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing Protein 1) and Sox17 (SRY-box 17) in IA using genetically engineered mouse models. Lastly, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of IA, including defects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells caused by dysfunction in mechanotransduction, Thsd1/FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) signaling, and the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) pathway. As illustrated by THSD1 research, cell adhesion may play a significant role in IA.
Journal Article
Association between premature ovarian insufficiency and gut microbiota
Background
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by impairment of ovarian function on a continuum before the age of 40 years. POI is affected by multiple factors. Considering new insights from recent gut microbiome studies, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbial community structure and POI.
Methods
Subjects were recruited at the Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital. Fecal microbial community profiles of healthy women (
n
= 18), women with POI (
n
= 35) were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on Illumina NovaSeq platform.
Results
Compared to the controls, the serum levels of FSH, LH, T and FSH/LH ratio significantly increased in women with POI, whereas E2 and AMH decreased significantly. Higher weighted UniFrac value was observed in POI women compared with healthy women. Phylum
Firmicutes,
genera
Bulleidia
and
Faecalibacterium
were more abundant in healthy women, while phylum
Bacteroidetes,
genera
Butyricimonas, Dorea, Lachnobacterium
and
Sutterella
enriched significantly in women with POI. Moreover, these alterations of the gut microbiome in women with POI were closely related to FSH, LH, E2, AMH level and FSH/LH ratio.
Conclusions
Women with POI had altered microbial profiles in their gut microbiome, which were associated with serum hormones levels. These results will shed a new light on the pathogenesis and treatment for POI.
Journal Article
Domestication, breeding, omics research, and important genes of Zizania latifolia and Zizania palustris
Wild rice ( Zizania spp.), an aquatic grass belonging to the subfamily Gramineae, has a high economic value. Zizania provides food (such as grains and vegetables), a habitat for wild animals, and paper-making pulps, possesses certain medicinal values, and helps control water eutrophication. Zizania is an ideal resource for expanding and enriching a rice breeding gene bank to naturally preserve valuable characteristics lost during domestication. With the Z. latifolia and Z. palustris genomes completely sequenced, fundamental achievements have been made toward understanding the origin and domestication, as well as the genetic basis of important agronomic traits of this genus, substantially accelerating the domestication of this wild plant. The present review summarizes the research results on the edible history, economic value, domestication, breeding, omics research, and important genes of Z. latifolia and Z. palustris over the past decades. These findings broaden the collective understanding of Zizania domestication and breeding, furthering human domestication, improvement, and long-term sustainability of wild plant cultivation.
Journal Article