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As the advanced functional materials, silver nanoparticles are potentially useful in various fields such as photoelectric, bio-sensing, catalysis, antibacterial and other fields, which are mainly based on their various properties. However, the properties of silver nanoparticles are usually determined by their size, shape, and surrounding medium, which can be modulated by various synthesis methods. In this review, the fabrication methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles of different shapes and specific size are illustrated in detail. Besides, the corresponding properties and applications of silver nanoparticles are also discussed in this paper.

The dynamics of synaptic vesicles (SVs) within presynaptic domains are tightly controlled by synapsin1 phosphorylation; however, the mechanism underlying the anchoring of synapsin1 with F-actin or SVs is not yet fully understood. Here, we found that Syn1 is modified with protein palmitoylation, and examining the roles of Syn1 palmitoylation in neurons led us to uncover that Syn1 palmitoylation is negatively regulated by its phosphorylation; together, they manipulate the clustering and redistribution of SVs. Using the combined approaches of electron microscopy and genetics, we revealed that Syn1 palmitoylation is vital for its binding with F-actin but not SVs. Inhibition of Syn1 palmitoylation causes defects in SVs clustering and a reduced number of total SVs in vivo. We propose a model in which SVs redistribution is triggered by upregulated Syn1 phosphorylation and downregulated Syn1 palmitoylation, and they reversibly promote SVs clustering. The crosstalk of Syn1 palmitoylation and phosphorylation thereby bidirectionally manipulates SVs dynamics in neurons.

Objective This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of oral lichenoid disease and investigate its potential association with systemic diseases. Methods This study was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis. The study comprised 116 patients who had been diagnosed with oral lichenoid disease, including 70 with oral lichen planus and 46 with lichenoid lesions. The study meticulously documented the distribution and types of lesions in oral lichenoid disease patients. Results The average age was 46 years, with females representing 69.8% and males 30.2%. The prevalence of major systemic diseases among these patients was notable: thyroid disorders were observed in 64.7%, dyslipidemia in 44.0%, hyperuricemia in 36.2%, hypertension in 28.5%, and diabetes in 21.6%. Significant associations were found between specific lesion sites and systemic diseases. Network-like lesions in the gingival-buccal groove were highly correlated with thyroid disorders ( P  < 0.000). Lichenoid lesions on the lips were significantly associated with dyslipidemia ( P  < 0.002). Furthermore, lesions on both the dorsal ( P  < 0.000) and ventral ( P  < 0.038) surfaces of the tongue, particularly patchy lesions on the dorsal surface, showed a strong association with hyperuricemia. Conclusion These findings indicated a significant correlation between the clinical manifestations of oral lichenoid disease and systemic conditions such as thyroid disorders, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia.

As the main active ingredient in Anoectochilus roxburghii, kinsenoside has important health and medical effects including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and bacteriostasis, among others. In recent years, with the limited application of high-throughput technology to A. roxburghii, there has been no research on the key regulatory genes involved in the synthesis of kinsenoside. Therefore, we examined three species of A. roxburghii that are widely planted in mainland China and Taiwan Province, A. roxburghii cultivar ‘Jian ye’, Anoectochilus formosanus, and Anoectochilus burmannicus, determining the content of kinsenoside, performing transcriptomic and metabolomic sequencing, identifying UDP glycosyltransferases, and screening for UDP glycosyltransferases that may be involved in kinsenoside synthesis. The results showed that among the three species of A. roxburghii, the content of kinsenoside in A. roxburghii cv. ‘Jian ye’ was the highest. Transcriptome and metabolome data showed that A. roxburghii cv. ‘Jian ye’ and the two other species of A. roxburghii have 3702 and 5369 differentially expressed genes and 69 and 120 differentially accumulated metabolites, respectively. Meanwhile, differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites are enriched in the glucose metabolism and hormone pathways. We also treated the A. roxburghii samples with exogenous auxin and characterized the related genes. In A. roxburghii, we identified 73 members of the UDP glycosyltransferase family. Through phylogenetic tree, transcriptome data expression profile, and qPCR analyses, we screened for members that may be involved in the synthesis of kinsenoside. In summary, the results of this study provide insights for breeding high-kinsenoside-content and high-intron varieties of A. roxburghii.

Dendrobium candidum is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and as a raw material in functional foods. D. candidum stems are green or red, and red stems are richer in anthocyanins. Light is an important environmental factor that induces anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum . However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully unraveled. In this study, we exposed D. candidum seedlings to two different light intensities and found that strong light increased the anthocyanin content and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through transcriptome profiling and expression analysis, we identified a WD40-repeat transcription factor, DcTTG1, whose expression is induced by light. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that DcTTG1 binds to the promoters of DcCHS2 , DcCHI , DcF3H , and DcF3′H , and a transient GUS activity assay indicated that DcTTG1 can induce their expression. In addition, DcTTG1 complemented the anthocyanin deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1-13 mutant. Collectively, our results suggest that light promotes anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum seedlings via the upregulation of DcTTG1, which induces anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression.

Actinidia chinensis Planch. is a fruit tree originating from China that is abundant in the wild. Actinidia eriantha Benth. is a type of A. chinensis that has emerged in recent years. The shape of A. eriantha is an elongated oval, and the skin is covered with dense, non-shedding milk-white hairs. The mature fruit has flesh that is bright green in colour, and the fruit has a strong flavour and a grass-like smell. It is appreciated for its rich nutrient content and unique flavour. Vitamin C, sugar, and organic acids are key factors in the quality and flavour composition of A. eriantha but have not yet been systematically analysed. Therefore, we sequenced the transcriptome of A. eriantha at three developmental stages and labelled them S1, S2, and S3, and comparisons of S1 vs. S2, S1 vs. S3, and S2 vs. S3 revealed 1218, 4019, and 3759 upregulated differentially expressed genes and 1823, 3415, and 2226 downregulated differentially expressed genes, respectively. Furthermore, the upregulated differentially expressed genes included 213 core genes, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that they were enriched in hormones, sugars, organic acids, and many organic metabolic pathways. The downregulated differentially expressed genes included 207 core genes, which were enriched in the light signalling pathway. We further constructed the metabolic pathways of sugars, organic acids, and vitamin C in A. eriantha and identified the genes involved in vitamin C, sugar, and organic acid synthesis in A. eriantha fruits at different stages. During fruit development, the vitamin C content decreased, the carbohydrate compound content increased, and the organic acid content decreased. The gene expression patterns were closely related to the accumulation patterns of vitamin C, sugars, and organic acids in A. eriantha. The above results lay the foundation for the accumulation of vitamin C, sugars, and organic acids in A. eriantha and for understanding flavour formation in A. eriantha.

This paper presents strong fluorescence of spin-coated fluorescent solid organic dye films (SODF) enhanced by surface plasmonic resonance (SPR). In order to manifest the influence of SPR effect on enhancement of organic dye (OD) fluorescence, the organic dye embedded Ag@SiO2 fluorescent films were developed on the glass sheet substrate, in which Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles were embedded in the middle and organic dye was as upper layer. The morphology of the SODFs with and without Ag@SiO2 particles was studied by SEM and EDX, and the tests revealed that the Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles distributed evenly between glass sheet and OD layer. Optical properties were characterized by UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy; the lifetime of SODF was tested to discuss the mechanism of SPR enhancement of fluorescence. The results proved that the existence of Ag@SiO2 particles enhanced the fluorescence intensity for 7 times and thus proved the SPR effect for organic dye, especially when the organic dye is the solid films. Therefore, the most important is the creation that the SPR effect of Ag@SiO2 particles works very well under solid organic dye coverage.

Oligoasthenozoospermia is a major cause of male infertility; however, its etiology and pathogenesis are unclear and may be associated with specific gene abnormalities. This study focused on Tppp2 (tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 2), whose encoded protein localizes in elongating spermatids at stages IV‐VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in testis and in mature sperm in the epididymis. In human and mouse sperm, in vitro inhibition of TPPP2 caused significantly decreased motility and ATP content. Studies on Tppp2 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated that deletion of TPPP2 resulted in male subfertility with a significantly decreased sperm count and motility. In Tppp2−/− mice, increased irregular mitochondria lacking lamellar cristae, abnormal expression of electron transfer chain molecules, lower ATP levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased apoptotic index were observed in sperm, which could be the potential causes for its oligoasthenozoospermia phenotype. Moreover, we identified a potential TPPP2‐interactive protein, eEf1b (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta), which plays an important role in protein translation extension. Thus, TPPP2 is probably a potential pathogenic factor in oligoasthenozoospermia. Deficiency of TPPP2 might affect the translation of specific proteins, altering the structure and function of sperm mitochondria, and resulting in decreased sperm count, motility and fertility.

Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 MoO 6 heterostructured photocatalys had been synthesized by a refluxing method. And the photocatalytic activity of Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 MoO 6 heterostructured photocatalysts was better than Bi 2 WO 6 . The enhancement in photocatalysis activity belonged to the match of energy level between the Bi 2 MoO 6 and Bi 2 WO 6 . In order to further enhance the photocatalytic activity of Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 MoO 6 , Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 MoO 6 was used to activate peroxymonosulfate to photodegradate methylene blue. The mechanism of activating peroxymonosulfate was proved by radical quenching experiment which revealed that sulfate radicals governed the removal of methylene blue.

The suboptimal efficacy of a low-protein diet in small white-feather broilers is due to a lack of alignment with their specific nutritional requirements. To investigate these precise requirements and to promote the application of low-protein diets in these birds’ feeding, we evaluated the effects of graded crude protein (CP) levels under fixed amino acid supplementation in small white-feather broilers. A two-phase feeding trial (1–21 and 22–42 days) was conducted using 480 chicks that were 1 day old, and the experimental diets contained varying CP levels (Phase 1: 18, 19, 20, 21%; Phase 2: 16, 17, 18, 19%) while maintaining constant levels of limiting amino acids. Key findings revealed that Group 3 (Phase 1: 20% CP; Phase 2: 18% CP) exhibited superior early growth performance during days 1–21, with fecal nitrogen excretion reduced by 11% relative to that in Group 4. Additionally, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical parameters, and serum antioxidant capacity were compared across all groups. These findings offer initial insights into the effects of low-protein diets on small white-feather broilers and lay the groundwork for future amino acid optimization studies.