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126
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"Yan, Xuetong"
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From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement
Since 2012, some scholars, both Chinese and foreign, have argued that China’s assertive foreign policy is doomed to fail. Nevertheless, after examining China’s foreign relations in the last two years, this paper finds that China has experienced improved relations rather than deteriorating ones. In comparison with the strategy of keeping a low profile (KLP), the strategy of striving for achievement (SFA) shows more efficiency in shaping a favorable environment for China’s national rejuvenation. The author applies the theory of moral realism to explaining the role of the SFA strategy and argues that morality can increase both international political strength and the political legitimacy of a rising power. The key difference between the KLP and the SFA is that the former focuses on economic gains and the latter seeks to strengthen political support. That is the reason that the SFA values the role of morality and the KLP does not. Due to these different goals, the SFA strategy differs from the KLP strategy in aspects of tenets, general layouts, working approaches, and methods. So far, the SFA has achieved progress beyond people’s expectation from Xi Jinping in 2012. Xi’s strong leadership may become a new case suitable for illustrating the theory of moral realism.
Journal Article
Chinese Values vs. Liberalism
The liberal hegemony of the United States is fading and faces the growing challenges from other ideologies including those from China. The question is which Chinese political values will guide China’s policies in shaping the future international normative order. There are three political values compete with each other in China, Marxism, economic pragmatism, and Chinese traditional values. The Chinese government tries to combine Marxism with Chinese traditional values. Such effort, however, may find its difficulties in achieving the assigned targets. Although the US liberalism is losing influence, it is still the most influential global ideology and will not be abandoned overnight. China may find that it is possible to shape the international order by combining some Chinese traditional values with selected liberalist values, such as benevolence, righteousness and rites with equality, democracy and freedom, respectively. The combination can produce a set of modern values of wangdao (humane authority), such as fairness, justice, and civility. The new norms under the guidance of these values could be acceptable to most countries because of their universality, and will bring about a more peaceful international order than what we have today.
Journal Article
Political Leadership and Power Redistribution
The theoretical puzzle that moral realism must crack is that of why a rising state is able to displace a dominating hegemon even though it is inferior to the latter in terms of economic base, technical invention, education system, military strength, and political system. Moral realism attributes political leadership to the rise or decline of great powers and categorizes political leadership, according to morality, as inactive, conservative, proactive, or aggressive types at national level, and as tyranny, hegemony, and humane authority at international level. Moral realism is a binary theory which suggests that a state’s strength determine strategic interests while types of political leadership determine strategies for achieving those interests. According to moral realist theory it will be possible for China to change the international system in the 21 century if it practices the moral principles of fairness, justice, and civility both at home and abroad.
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IR Moral Realism’s Epistemology
Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers received 16 book reviews within 6 months of its publication. Among them, the one by Professor Rajesh Rajagopalan (which appeared in the India Quarterly, 75:3) is the most academically and theoretically compelling. I highly appreciate his sincere theoretical critiques that encourage me to rethink my theory. His review inspired me to have a written conversation with him about the epistemology of the international relations (IR) theory of moral realism.
Journal Article
An efficient in vitro organogenesis protocol for the endangered relic tree species Bretschneidera sinensis and genetic fidelity assessment using DNA markers
Bretschneidera sinensis is a monotypic species of rare and tertiary relic trees mainly distributed in China. B. sinensis is a potentially valuable horticultural plant, which has significant ornamental and research value, and is a crucial tool for the study of phylogeography. The artificial cultivation of B. sinensis is of great scientific value and practical significance. In this study, we developed a direct organogenesis process of B. sinensis using mature zygotic embryos as initial materials. The highest sterile germination induction (54.5%) from the mature zygotic embryo was obtained in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.0 mg·L −1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.2 mg·L −1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest percentage of shoot regeneration (90.37%) was attained using 1.0 mg·L −1 6-BA and 0.01 mg·L −1 NAA in the MS medium. The Woody Plant Medium (WPM) had the greatest adventitious shoot elongation rate of 93.33%. The most optimized rooting rate was 88.89% in a half-strength MS medium containing 2.0 mg·L −1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.0 mg·L −1 NAA. The genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated plantlets was assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats and random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers, confirming the genetic uniformity and stability of regenerated B. sinensis plantlets. Our research presents an effective in vitro propagation system for B. sinensis , laying the groundwork for its germplasm conservation and large-scale production while maintaining high genetic integrity.
Journal Article
Efficient In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration from Stolon Explants and Genetic Stability Assessment Using ISSR Markers in the Ornamental Fern Hypolepis punctata
Hypolepis punctata, an aromatic fern with insect-resistant and ornamental potential. Up to date, no studies have reported its micropropagation, particularly using vegetative organs as explants. The optimized stolon sterilization (81.11%) employed 75% ethanol (30 s) and 15% sodium hypochlorite (12 min). The optimal conditions for GGB induction (75.56%) and proliferation (8.46 mm) were achieved using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) + 0.2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The optimal plant growth regulator (PGR) formula for sporophyte regeneration was 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 2 g/L activated charcoal (AC), achieving a 98.89% induction rate and 49.19 buds per explant. The 1/4 MS medium had the greatest promoting effect on biomass accumulation and leaf expansion. Optimal shoot elongation (97.78% success, 4.83 cm) was achieved in 1/4 MS + 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 2 g/L AC, and optimized rooting (92.22%) was achieved using 1/4 MS + 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 2 g/L AC, producing 25.27 roots per plantlet. Crucially, ISSR analysis confirmed the genetic stability of all regenerants. This optimized protocol establishes a scalable micropropagation system, enhancing both commercial cultivation and genetic improvement potential in Hypolepis punctata.
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International Leadership and Norm Evolution
Drawing on the Pre-Qin philosophers' idea that the type of monarch has different impacts on relations among states, this article analyses how the different types of leadership of a leading power influence the process and direction of evolution of international norms.
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