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"Yan Guo"
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Spotlight on China : Chinese education in the globalized world
Economic globalization and advanced communication and transportation technologies have greatly increased interconnectivity and integration of China with the rest of the world. This book explores the impact of globalization on China and the interactions of Chinese education with the globalized world. It consists of twenty chapters which collectively examine how globalization unfolds on the ground in Chinese education through global flows of talents, information, and knowledge. The authors, established and emerging scholars from China and internationally, analyze patterns and trends of China's engagement with the globalized world as well as tensions between the global and local concerning national education sovereignty and the widening gap between brain gain and brain drain. The book covers a wide range of topics, including: Internationalization of Chinese education ; Student mobility and intercultural adaptation Cross-cultural teaching and learning ; Transnational talent mobility ; The diverse concepts and perspectives represented in this volume provide rich accounts of the effects of globalization on Chinese education and how globalization has transformed Chinese education and society. China's successes and challenges will inform international researchers and educators about globalization and education in their own contexts with possible implications for change. This timely volume opens up fascinating insights into the extensive and growing interconnections between Chinese education and the global community. Concepts such as identity, interculturality, transnationalism and double diaspora are given vivid expression in the experience of Chinese students and scholars in diverse global settings as well as that of international students and teachers in Chinese higher institutions. While there are candid critiques of barriers and prejudices that need to be overcome, there is also a sense of hope and dynamism in the rich outflowing of educational ideas rooted in China's unique civilization. Editors Shibao Guo and Yan Guo are to be congratulated for bringing together such a remarkable collection of essays dealing with internationalization, student mobility, cross-cultural teaching and learning and transnational talent mobility.
Book
The chloroplast genome evolution of Venus slipper (Paphiopedilum): IR expansion, SSC contraction, and highly rearranged SSC regions
Background
Paphiopedilum
is the largest genus of slipper orchids. Previous studies showed that the phylogenetic relationships of this genus are not well resolved, and sparse taxon sampling documented inverted repeat
(
IR) expansion and small single copy (SSC) contraction of the chloroplast genomes of
Paphiopedilum
.
Results
Here, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated 77 plastomes of
Paphiopedilum
species (size range of 152,130 – 164,092 bp). The phylogeny based on the plastome resolved the relationships of the genus except for the phylogenetic position of two unstable species. We used phylogenetic and comparative genomic approaches to elucidate the plastome evolution of
Paphiopedilum
. The plastomes of
Paphiopedilum
have a conserved genome structure and gene content except in the SSC region. The large single copy/inverted repeat (LSC/IR) boundaries are relatively stable, while the boundaries of the inverted repeat and small single copy region (IR/SSC) varied among species. Corresponding to the IR/SSC boundary shifts, the chloroplast genomes of the genus experienced IR expansion and SSC contraction. The IR region incorporated one to six genes of the SSC region. Unexpectedly, great variation in the size, gene order, and gene content of the SSC regions was found, especially in the subg.
Parvisepalum
. Furthermore,
Paphiopedilum
provides evidence for the ongoing degradation of the
ndh
genes in the photoautotrophic plants. The estimated substitution rates of the protein coding genes show accelerated rates of evolution in
clpP
,
psbH
, and
psbZ
. Genes transferred to the IR region due to the boundary shift also have higher substitution rates.
Conclusions
We found IR expansion and SSC contraction in the chloroplast genomes of
Paphiopedilum
with dense sampling, and the genus shows variation in the size, gene order, and gene content of the SSC region. This genus provides an ideal system to investigate the dynamics of plastome evolution.
Journal Article
Decay and Continuity of the Boltzmann Equation in Bounded Domains
Boundaries occur naturally in kinetic equations, and boundary effects are crucial for dynamics of dilute gases governed by the Boltzmann equation. We develop a mathematical theory to study the time decay and continuity of Boltzmann solutions for four basic types of boundary conditions: in-flow, bounce-back reflection, specular reflection and diffuse reflection. We establish exponential decay in the
L
∞
norm for hard potentials for general classes of smooth domains near an absolute Maxwellian. Moreover, in convex domains, we also establish continuity for these Boltzmann solutions away from the grazing set at the boundary. Our contribution is based on a new
L
2
decay theory and its interplay with delicate
L
∞
decay analysis for the linearized Boltzmann equation in the presence of many repeated interactions with the boundary.
Journal Article
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses
Excess soluble salts in soil (saline soils) are harmful to most plants. Salt imposes osmotic, ionic, and secondary stresses on plants. Over the past two decades, many determinants of salt tolerance and their regulatory mechanisms have been identified and characterized using molecular genetics and genomics approaches. This review describes recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms controlling ion homeostasis, cell activity responses, and epigenetic regulation in plants under salt stress. Finally, wehighlight research areas that require further research to reveal new determinants of salt tolerance in plants.
Journal Article
Transcriptome profiling of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) leaves infected with powdery mildew
Cucurbit powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most severe fungal diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying PM resistance remain largely unknown, especially in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.). The goal of this study was to identify gene expression differences in PM-treated plants (harvested at 24 h and 48 h after inoculation) and untreated (control) plants of inbred line \"112-2\" using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The inbred line \"112-2\" has been purified over 8 consecutive generations of self-pollination and shows high resistance to PM. More than 7600 transcripts were examined in pumpkin leaves, and 3129 and 3080 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in inbred line \"112-2\" at 24 and 48 hours post inoculation (hpi), respectively. Based on the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway database and GO (Gene Ontology) database, a complex regulatory network for PM resistance that may involve hormone signal transduction pathways, transcription factors and defense responses was revealed at the transcription level. In addition, the expression profiles of 16 selected genes were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. Among these genes, the transcript levels of 6 DEGs, including bHLH87 (Basic Helix-loop-helix transcription factor), ERF014 (Ethylene response factor), WRKY21 (WRKY domain), HSF (heat stress transcription factor A), MLO3 (Mildew Locus O), and SGT1 (Suppressor of G-Two Allele of Skp1), in PM-resistant \"112-2\" were found to be significantly up- or down-regulated both before 9 hpi and at 24 hpi or 48 hpi; this behavior differed from that observed in the PM-susceptible material (cultivar \"Jiujiangjiaoding\"). The transcriptome data provide novel insights into the response of Cucurbita moschata to PM stress and are expected to be highly useful for dissecting PM defense mechanisms in this major vegetable and for improving pumpkin breeding with enhanced resistance to PM.
Journal Article
تدويل العملات والتحكم الكلي بالمخاطر المالية
شهد الاقتصاد الصيني مؤخرا طبيعة جديدة مع الانتعاش الاقتصادي العالمي وديناميكية السوق المالي. ورغم الضغوطات الاقتصادية المحلية والعالمية وتغير قيمة العملة، لا يزال تدويل العملة في الصين يكتسب زخما كبيرا مع إطلاق المرحلة الأولى من نظام الحدود بين البنوك (CIPS) وتنفيذ مبادرة الحزام والطريق. من هنا، يعالج هذا الكتاب موضوع تدويل العملة في الصين والتحكم الكلي بالمخاطر المالية المحدقة، بهدف إلقاء الضوء على أسباب تقدم الاقتصاد الصيني، وإعطاء القارئ لمحة موجزة عن السياسة الحكيمة التي اعتمدتها حكومة جمهورية الصين الشعبية للنهوض باقتصادها والوصول به إلى مصاف الدول المتقدمة.
Improved Powdery Mildew Resistance of Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Overexpressing the Cucurbita moschata CmSGT1 Gene
Powdery mildew (PM), which is mainly caused by
, is a serious biotrophic pathogen disease affecting field-grown and greenhouse-grown cucurbit crops worldwide. Because fungicides poorly control PM, the development and cultivation of PM-resistant varieties is critical. A homolog of
(
), which encodes a key component of the plant disease-associated signal transduction pathway, was previously identified through a transcriptomic analysis of a PM-resistant pumpkin (
) inbred line infected with PM. In this study, we have characterized this
homolog in
, and investigated its effects on biotic stress resistance. Subcellular localization results revealed that CmSGT1 is present in the nucleus. Additionally,
expression levels in the PM-resistant material was strongly induced by PM, salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H
O
). In contrast, SA and H
O
downregulated
expression in the PM-susceptible material. The ethephon (Eth) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments upregulated
expression in both plant materials. The constitutive overexpression of
in
(
) minimized the PM symptoms on the leaves of PM-infected seedlings, accelerated the onset of cell necrosis, and enhanced the accumulation of H
O
. Furthermore, the expression levels of
and
, which are SA signaling transduction markers, were higher in the transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Thus, the transgenic
plants were significantly more resistant to
than the wild-type plants. This increased resistance was correlated with cell death, H
O
accumulation, and upregulated expression of SA-dependent defense genes. However, the chlorosis and yellowing of plant materials and the concentration of bacteria at infection sites were greater in the transgenic
plants than in the wild-type plants in response to infections by the pathogens responsible for bacterial wilt and scab. Therefore,
-overexpressing
plants were hypersensitive to these two diseases. The results of this study may represent valuable genetic information for the breeding of disease-resistant pumpkin varieties, and may also help to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying CmSGT1 functions.
Journal Article