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Previous research has shown that the perceptual span in Chinese reading extends three characters to the right of the fixation point. However, little is known regarding the types of preview information that can be extracted from such a distant position; namely, the character at the N + 3 position. Using the parafoveal priming paradigm combined with eye-tracking technology, we manipulated the preview type and preview duration to examine whether Chinese readers could extract orthographic, phonological, and semantic information from the character at the N + 3 position across three experiments. Experiment 1 revealed an orthographic preview cost: orthographically similar previews delayed the target character recognition compared to unrelated previews. Experiment 2 showed no evidence of phonological preview effects. Experiment 3 demonstrated a semantic preview benefit: semantically related previews significantly facilitated the target character recognition relative to unrelated previews. Taken together, these findings indicate that Chinese readers are able to extract orthographic and semantic, but not phonological, information from a distant parafoveal position.

There is currently no detailed evidence for the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on severely obese with type 2 diabetes, such as the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. In order to provide evidence on the risks of macrovascular diseases and metabolic indicators of bariatric surgery follow-up for more than five years, we searched in the Cochrane library, Pubmed, and EMBASE databases from the earliest studies to January 31, 2019. Randomized clinical trials or cohort studies compared bariatric surgery and conventional medical therapy for long-term incidence of macrovascular events and metabolic outcomes in severely obese patients with T2DM. Fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to pool the relative risks (RRs), hazard ratios (HRs) and weighted mean difference (WMD). Publication bias and heterogeneity were examined. Four RCTs and six cohort studies were finally involved in this review. Patients in the bariatric surgery group as compared to the conventional treatment group had lower incidence of macrovascular complications (RR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.27~0.70), cardiovascular events (CVEs) (HR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.39~0.71), and myocardial infarction (MI) (RR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.26~0.61). At the same time, the results demonstrate that bariatric surgery is associated with better weight and better glycemic control over the long-term than non-surgical therapies, and reveal that different surgical methods have different effects on various metabolic indicators. Bariatric surgery significantly decreases macrovascular complications over the long term and is associated with greater weight loss and better intermediate glucose outcomes among T2DM patients with severe obesity as compared to patients receiving only conservative medical measures.

The current study examined how emotional faces impact on attentional control at both involuntary and voluntary levels in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A non-face single target was either presented in isolation or synchronously with emotional face distractors namely angry, happy and neutral faces. ASD and typically developing children made more erroneous saccades towards emotional distractors relative to neutral distractors in parafoveal and peripheral conditions. Remote distractor effects were observed on saccade latency in both groups regardless of distractor type, whereby time taken to initiate an eye movement to the target was longest in central distractor conditions, followed by parafoveal and peripheral distractor conditions. The remote distractor effect was greater for angry faces compared to happy faces in the ASD group. Proportions of failed disengagement trials from central distractors, for the first saccade, were higher in the angry distractor condition compared with the other two distractor conditions in ASD, and this effect was absent for the typical group. Eye movement results suggest difficulties in disengaging from fixated angry faces in ASD. Atypical disengagement from angry faces at the voluntary level could have consequences for the development of higher-level socio-communicative skills in ASD.

Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the changes in nutritional indicators in individuals with obesity before and after SG. Materials and Methods A systematic retrieval of the available literature was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The following indicators were evaluated: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B12, folate, magnesium, and zinc from pre-operation to post-operation. Results A total of 38 studies met inclusion criteria. A significant increase was observed in serum 25(OH)D (SMD = 0.70, 95%CI 0.38 to 1.02, P  < 0.001), phosphorus (SMD = 0.40, 95%CI 0.14 to 0.67, P  = 0.003), iron (SMD = 0.50, 95%CI 0.38 to 0.62, P  < 0.001), and folate (SMD = 0.37, 95%CI 0.09 to 0.65, P  = 0.01) after SG. Nevertheless, the increasing trend of serum phosphorus ( P  = 0.143) and folate ( P  = 0.774) disappeared in the unprescribed subgroup. A significant decrease in serum zinc (SMD =  − 0.41, 95%CI − 0.81 to − 0.01, P  = 0.044) was found after SG. No significant changes in serum calcium (SMD = 0.08, 95%CI − 0.09 to 0.25, P  = 0.372), vitamin B12 (SMD = 0.10, 95%CI − 0.13 to 0.33, P  = 0.398), and magnesium (SMD = 0.24, 95%CI − 0.10 to 0.58, P  = 0.169) were observed. However, a significant decrease in serum calcium ( P  = 0.042) and vitamin B12 ( P  = 0.037) was found in the unprescribed subgroup. Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D, phosphorus, iron, and folate levels improved after a careful monitoring and due to a rigorous supplementation. The optimal dose of calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation has yet to be established; therefore, a broader supplementation of trace elements and minerals has to be suggested. Graphical abstract

Backgroud This study aims to explore the relationships between self-esteem, resilience, social distress, and social avoidance among college students. It also examines the mediating roles of resilience and social distress in the relationship between self-esteem and social avoidance. Methods A convenience cluster sampling method was used to select all first-year students from a university in Yinchuan, Ningxia. Data were collected through an online survey administered via the WENJUANXING platform, which included a general information questionnaire, the Self-Esteem Scale, the Psychological Resilience Scale, and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. A total of 2513 first-year students completed the survey. SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the correlation between self-esteem, resilience, social distress and social avoidance, and the mediation model was tested by Mplus8. Results Self-esteem, resilience were negatively correlated with social distress scores ( r = -0.411, p  < 0.01; r =-0.387, p  < 0.01, respectively). Self-esteem and resilience were negatively correlated with social avoidance scores ( r = -0.437, p  < 0.01; r = -0.379, p  < 0.01, respectively). Social distress and social avoidance scores were positively correlated ( r  = 0.778, p  < 0.01). Resilience partially mediated the association between self-esteem and social avoidance(β = -0.02, p  < 0.01), with a mediation rate of 5.01%. Social distress partially mediated the associations between self-esteem and social avoidance(β = -0.203, p  < 0.01) with a mediation rate of 50.87%. Resilience and social distress together (β = -0.06, p  < 0.01) formed a mediating chain between self-esteem and social avoidance, with a mediation rate of 15.03%. Conclusions Self-esteem was negatively associated with social avoidance. Resilience and social distress were found to mediate the association partially.

There is no obvious boundary information in Chinese reading. It has been shown that the introduction of word boundary information presented with alternating colors without changing the text distribution could significantly improve the reading speed of Chinese children in grade 2 (Perea and Wang in Mem Cognit 45(7):1160−1170, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0717-0). However, few studies have examined how the effect of word boundary information on children's oral reading develops and changes as children’s grade increases. The present study asked Chinese children in grades 2–5 to read alternating-color and mono-color text orally and used eye-tracking technology to explore the developmental trajectory of the influence of word boundary information on oral reading. The results indicated that children in grade 2 and grade 3 showed faster reading speeds in the alternating-color condition than in the mono-color condition. In contrast, there was no difference between the two conditions in children in grade 4 and grade 5. We discuss the mechanisms of the findings and the implications for education.

Background Premature mortality in schizophrenia is associated with comorbidity with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In China, existing studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the prevalence of MetS among patients with schizophrenia, with limited nationally representative epidemiological data. This meta-analysis aimed to (1) determine the pooled prevalence of MetS in a Chinese population with schizophrenia and (2) systematically evaluate subgroup disparities across demographic, clinical, and treatment-related variables. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Journal Integration Platform, and China Biology Medicine databases were searched for cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of MetS in China, without any search restrictions. Subgroup analyses were performed according to first-episode status, sex, age group, marital status, educational level, illness duration, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, alcohol-use history, family history of schizophrenia/diabetes/hypertension, and medication history. Results We included 73 studies with a total sample size of 34,655 patients with schizophrenia, including 10,944 patients with MetS. The pooled analysis revealed a combined prevalence of schizophrenia and MetS in China of 31.4% (95% confidence interval: 28.8–34.0). There were significantly elevated risks of MetS observed in older adults (≥50 years), prolonged hospitalization, longer illness duration ( > 10 years), higher BMI, family history of diabetes, and smokers. No significant differences in the prevalence of MetS were observed between groups according to sex, marital status, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, family history of schizophrenia or hypertension, use of first- or second-generation agents, and monotherapy or combination therapy with antipsychotics. Conclusions This meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of MetS of 31.4% among Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Given the heightened risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, particularly in the subgroups of older adults, prolonged hospitalization, longer illness duration, higher BMI, family history of diabetes, and smokers, our study indicates the following interventions: (1) universal screening: routine metabolic monitoring integrated into psychiatric care protocols, (2) precision prevention: targeted interventions for high-risk subgroups (e.g., BMI management in obese patients and smoking cessation programs), (3) and nutritional empowerment: structured dietary education to improve metabolic health and potentially augment cognitive functioning. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

The current study examined eye movement control in autistic (ASD) children. Simple targets were presented in isolation, or with central, parafoveal, or peripheral distractors synchronously. Sixteen children with ASD (47–81 months) and nineteen age and IQ matched typically developing children were instructed to look to the target as accurately and quickly as possible. Both groups showed high proportions (40%) of saccadic errors towards parafoveal and peripheral distractors. For correctly executed eye movements to the targets, centrally presented distractors produced the longest latencies (time taken to initiate eye movements), followed by parafoveal and peripheral distractor conditions. Central distractors had a greater effect in the ASD group, indicating evidence for potential atypical voluntary attentional control in ASD children.

The mechanisms driving the development of eye movement patterns is an unresolved debate in children during reading, with three competing hypotheses: the oculomotor-tuning hypothesis, the linguistic-proficiency hypothesis, and the combined hypothesis that incorporates both. This study examined eye movement patterns in 215 Chinese children from first to fifth grade using sentence-reading tasks. Oculomotor maturation was measured through saccade tasks, and linguistic abilities were assessed using Chinese character recognition and vocabulary knowledge tests. Path analysis explored how these factors predict temporal and spatial eye movement measures. Results indicated that temporal measures were primarily driven by linguistic abilities, supporting the linguistic-proficiency hypothesis. Spatial measures, however, were influenced by both linguistic abilities and oculomotor maturation, supporting the combined hypothesis. These findings diverge from predictions of the E-Z Reader model in alphabetic scripts, likely due to the unique visual complexity of Chinese characters.

Background: Proficient second language (L2) reading relies on complex neurocognitive processes. Neuroimaging studies have identified key brain regions recruited during L2 reading, including the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and the calcarine cortex (CAL). The LIPL has been suggested to be involved in phonological decoding during L2 reading, whereas the CAL has been implicated in early-stage visual processing. However, given the correlational nature of neuroimaging techniques, it remains unclear whether these regions play causal roles in L2 reading or are merely epiphenomenal. Methods: To address this issue, the present study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate neural activity in these regions and eye-tracking technology to assess subsequent reading performance in Chinese–English bilinguals. Specifically, ninety-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of three offline TMS conditions: LIPL, CAL or vertex (as a control site) stimulation, after which they performed a natural sentence reading task in English. Results: The results showed that, compared to the control condition, TMS over the LIPL significantly reduced first fixation duration, whereas no significant effects emerged on gaze duration, regression path reading time, or total reading time. TMS over the CAL produced no significant effects on any eye-movement measures. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the LIPL plays a causal role in L2 reading for early-stage lexical processing through phonological decoding. Overall, this study is the first to employ TMS and eye-tracking to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying natural L2 reading.