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بيان الدورة العامة الحادية عشرة للجنة المركزية المنبثقة عن المؤتمر الوطني الثامن للحزب الشيوعي الصيني : (أقر في 12 أغسطس-آب-عام 1966)
عقدت الدورة العامة الحادية عشرة للجنة المركزية المنبثقة عن المؤتمر الوطني الثامن للحزب الشيوعي الصيني في بكين من 1 الى 12 أغسطس (آب) عام 1966، وقد ترأس الدورة العامة الحادية عشرة الرفيق ماو تسي تونغ، وحضرها أعضاء اللجنة المركزية وأعضاؤها المرشحون : وحضرها كذلك الرفاق من مختلف المكاتب الاقليمية للجنة المركزية ومن لجان الحزب في المقاطعات والبلديات والمناطق ذات الحكم الذاتي وأعضاء فرقة الثورة الثقافية للجنة المركزية والرفاق في الدوائر المعنية للجنة المركزية وممثلو المدرسين والطلاب الثوريين في الجامعات والمعاهد العليا بالعاصمة . وقد أقرت الدورة العامة الحادية عشرة بعد المناقشة « قرار اللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني حول الثورة الثقافية البروليتارية الكبرى » . كما صادقت الدورة العامة بعد النقاش على القرارات السياسية المهمة والاجراءات المهمة فيما يختص بالمسائل الداخلية والخارجية التي أجازها المكتب السياسي للجنة المركزية منذ الدورة العامة العاشرة للجنة المركزية المنبثقة عن المؤتمر الوطني الثامن التي عقدت في سبتمبر (أيلول) عام 1962.
Book
Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy
Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are emerging as a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment. The field of oncology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine has witnessed rapid progress, leading to innovative developments in smart nanoparticles for safer and more effective cancer therapy. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in smart nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, protein nanoparticles, cell membrane nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, MOF nanoparticles, and others. We will focus on their classification, structures, synthesis, and intelligent features. These smart nanoparticles possess the ability to respond to various external and internal stimuli, such as enzymes, pH, temperature, optics, and magnetism, making them intelligent systems. Additionally, this review will explore the latest studies on tumor targeting by functionalizing the surfaces of smart nanoparticles with tumor-specific ligands like antibodies, peptides, transferrin, and folic acid. We will also summarize different types of drug delivery options, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and even living cells, for their potential use in cancer therapy. While the potential of smart nanoparticles is promising, we will also acknowledge the challenges and clinical prospects associated with their use. Finally, we will propose a blueprint that involves the use of artificial intelligence-powered nanoparticles in cancer treatment applications. By harnessing the potential of smart nanoparticles, this review aims to usher in a new era of precise and personalized cancer therapy, providing patients with individualized treatment options.
Journal Article
Simultaneously Discovering and Quantifying Risk Types from Textual Risk Disclosures
Managers and researchers alike have long recognized the importance of corporate textual risk disclosures. Yet it is a nontrivial task to discover and quantify variables of interest from unstructured text. In this paper, we develop a variation of the latent Dirichlet allocation topic model and its learning algorithm for simultaneously discovering and quantifying risk types from textual risk disclosures. We conduct comprehensive evaluations in terms of both conventional statistical fit and substantive fit with respect to the quality of discovered information. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms all competing methods, and could find more meaningful topics (risk types). By taking advantage of our proposed method for measuring risk types from textual data, we study how risk disclosures in 10-K forms affect the risk perceptions of investors. Different from prior studies, our results provide support for all three competing arguments regarding whether and how risk disclosures affect the risk perceptions of investors, depending on the specific risk types disclosed. We find that around two-thirds of risk types lack informativeness and have no significant influence. Moreover, we find that the informative risk types do not necessarily increase the risk perceptions of investors-the disclosure of three types of systematic and liquidity risks will increase the risk perceptions of investors, whereas the other five types of unsystematic risks will decrease them.
Data, as supplemental material, are available at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1930
.
This paper was accepted by Alok Gupta, special issue on business analytics
.
Journal Article
Detecting Accounting Fraud in Publicly Traded U.S. Firms Using a Machine Learning Approach
We develop a state-of-the-art fraud prediction model using a machine learning approach. We demonstrate the value of combining domain knowledge and machine learning methods in model building. We select our model input based on existing accounting theories, but we differ from prior accounting research by using raw accounting numbers rather than financial ratios. We employ one of the most powerful machine learning methods, ensemble learning, rather than the commonly used method of logistic regression. To assess the performance of fraud prediction models, we introduce a new performance evaluation metric commonly used in ranking problems that is more appropriate for the fraud prediction task. Starting with an identical set of theory-motivated raw accounting numbers, we show that our new fraud prediction model outperforms two benchmark models by a large margin: the Dechow et al. logistic regression model based on financial ratios, and the Cecchini et al. support-vector-machine model with a financial kernel that maps raw accounting numbers into a broader set of ratios.
Journal Article
Calmodulin-like protein CML24 interacts with CAMTA2 and WRKY46 to regulate ALMT1-dependent Al resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana
• ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (ALMT1)-mediated malate exudation from roots is critical for aluminium (Al) resistance in Arabidopsis. Its upstream molecular signalling regulation is not yet well understood.
• The role of CALMODULIN-LIKE24 (CML24) in Al-inhibited root growth and downstream molecular regulation of ALMT1-meditaed Al resistance was investigated.
• CML24 confers Al resistance demonstrated by an increased root-growth inhibition of the cml24 loss-of-function mutant under Al stress. This occurs mainly through the regulation of the ALMT1-mediated malate exudation from roots. The mutation and overexpression of CML24 leads to an elevated and reduced Al accumulation in the cell wall of roots, respectively. Al stress induced both transcript and protein abundance of CML24 in root tips, especially in the transition zone. CML24 interacts with CALMODULIN BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR2 (CAMTA2) and promotes its transcriptional activity in the regulation of ALMT1 expression. This results in an enhanced malate exudation from roots and less root-growth inhibition under Al stress. Both CML24 and CAMTA2 interacted with WRKY46 suppressing the transcriptional repression of ALMT1 by WRKY46.
• The study provides novel insights into understanding of the upstream molecular signalling of the ALMT1-depdendent Al resistance.
Journal Article
Maternal disorders among women aged 15 to 49 years: global trends and inequalities from the GBD study 2021
Background
Maternal disorders remain a significant global health challenge with inequalities across sociodemographic strata. This study examines the global burden of six maternal disorders—Maternal Hemorrhage, Maternal Sepsis and Other Maternal Infections, Maternal Hypertensive Disorders, Maternal Obstructed Labor and Uterine Rupture, Maternal Abortion and Miscarriage, and Ectopic Pregnancy—from 1990 to 2021, focusing on disease burden trends and disparities across sociodemographic indices.
Methods
We analyzed Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 data for women aged 15 to 49 years, examining disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and incidence rates. The Sociodemographic Index (SDI) was used to contextualize inequalities across 204 countries and territories. Slope and concentration indices quantified absolute and relative disparities. Decomposition analyses explored demographic and epidemiological drivers of DALYs changes, while joinpoint regression identified temporal trend shifts. Age-period-cohort analysis examined incidence patterns, and Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling projected future trends to 2044, with internal and external validation.
Results
Global maternal disorder burden declined substantially from 1990 to 2021, with DALYs rates decreasing from 1,609.33 to 622.97 per 100,000 women. However, while absolute disparities narrowed between high and low-SDI regions, relative inequalities persisted or increased for most disorders. Low-SDI regions experienced slower burden reductions, primarily driven by population growth offsetting epidemiological improvements. Decomposition analyses revealed that population growth remains a central barrier to progress, while epidemiological advances substantially reduced DALYs across all disorders. Projections through 2044 suggest continued incidence declines globally, with validated models indicating persistent inequities requiring sustained intervention.
Conclusion
Despite overall global improvements in maternal health outcomes, persistent inequalities highlight the need for targeted interventions in low-SDI regions. Enhanced maternal healthcare access, improved nutrition programs, and strengthened health systems may help address these disparities and promote more equitable maternal health outcomes.
Journal Article
Customizing delivery nano-vehicles for precise brain tumor therapy
Although some tumor has become a curable disease for many patients, involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is still a major concern. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), a special structure in the CNS, protects the brain from bloodborne pathogens via its excellent barrier properties and hinders new drug development for brain tumor. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have resulted in various nanovehicless (NPs) as drug carriers to cross the BBB by different strategys. Here, the complex compositions and special characteristics of causes of brain tumor formation and BBB are elucidated exhaustively. Additionally, versatile drug nanovehicles with their recent applications and their pathways on different drug delivery strategies to overcome the BBB obstacle for anti-brain tumor are briefly discussed. Customizing nanoparticles for brain tumor treatments is proposed to improve the efficacy of brain tumor treatments via drug delivery from the gut to the brain. This review provides a broad perspective on customizing delivery nano-vehicles characteristics facilitate drug distribution across the brain and pave the way for the creation of innovative nanotechnology-based nanomaterials for brain tumor treatments.
Journal Article
Variant Callers for Next-Generation Sequencing Data: A Comparison Study
Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been leading the genetic study of human disease into an era of unprecedented productivity. Many bioinformatics pipelines have been developed to call variants from NGS data. The performance of these pipelines depends crucially on the variant caller used and on the calling strategies implemented. We studied the performance of four prevailing callers, SAMtools, GATK, glftools and Atlas2, using single-sample and multiple-sample variant-calling strategies. Using the same aligner, BWA, we built four single-sample and three multiple-sample calling pipelines and applied the pipelines to whole exome sequencing data taken from 20 individuals. We obtained genotypes generated by Illumina Infinium HumanExome v1.1 Beadchip for validation analysis and then used Sanger sequencing as a \"gold-standard\" method to resolve discrepancies for selected regions of high discordance. Finally, we compared the sensitivity of three of the single-sample calling pipelines using known simulated whole genome sequence data as a gold standard. Overall, for single-sample calling, the called variants were highly consistent across callers and the pairwise overlapping rate was about 0.9. Compared with other callers, GATK had the highest rediscovery rate (0.9969) and specificity (0.99996), and the Ti/Tv ratio out of GATK was closest to the expected value of 3.02. Multiple-sample calling increased the sensitivity. Results from the simulated data suggested that GATK outperformed SAMtools and glfSingle in sensitivity, especially for low coverage data. Further, for the selected discrepant regions evaluated by Sanger sequencing, variant genotypes called by exome sequencing versus the exome array were more accurate, although the average variant sensitivity and overall genotype consistency rate were as high as 95.87% and 99.82%, respectively. In conclusion, GATK showed several advantages over other variant callers for general purpose NGS analyses. The GATK pipelines we developed perform very well.
Journal Article
Effect of Glut‐1 and HIF‐1α double knockout by CRISPR/CAS9 on radiosensitivity in laryngeal carcinoma via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Hypoxic resistance is the main obstacle to radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma. Our previous study indicated that hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut‐1) double knockout reduced tumour biological behaviour in laryngeal carcinoma cells. However, their radioresistance mechanism remains unclear. In this study, cell viability was determined by CCK8 assay. Glucose uptake capability was evaluated by measurement of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose radioactivity. A tumour xenograft model was established by subcutaneous injection of Tu212 cells. Tumour histopathology was determined by haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and TUNEL assays. Signalling transduction was evaluated by Western blotting. We found that hypoxia induced radioresistance in Tu212 cells accompanied by increased glucose uptake capability and activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity abolished hypoxia‐induced radioresistance and glucose absorption. Mechanistic analysis revealed that hypoxia promoted higher expressions of HIF‐1α and Glut‐1. Moreover, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was a positive mediator of HIF‐1α and/or Glut‐1 in the presence of irradiation. HIF‐1α and/or Glut‐1 knockout significantly reduced cell viability, glucose uptake and PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity, all of which were induced by hypoxia in the presence of irradiation. In vivo analysis showed that knockout of HIF‐1α and/or Glut‐1 also inhibited tumour growth by promoting cell apoptosis, more robustly compared with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, particularly in tumours with knockout of both HIF‐1α and Glut‐1. HIF‐1α and/or Glut‐1 knockout also abrogated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling transduction in tumour tissues, in a manner similar to wortmannin. HIF‐1α and/or Glut‐1 knockout facilitated radiosensitivity in laryngeal carcinoma Tu212 cells by regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
Journal Article
A non-dispersion strategy for large-scale production of ultra-high concentration graphene slurries in water
It is difficult to achieve high efficiency production of hydrophobic graphene by liquid phase exfoliation due to its poor dispersibility and the tendency of graphene sheets to undergo π−π stacking. Here, we report a water-phase, non-dispersion exfoliation method to produce highly crystalline graphene flakes, which can be stored in the form of a concentrated slurry (50 mg mL
−1
) or filter cake for months without the risk of re-stacking. The as-exfoliated graphene slurry can be directly used for 3D printing, as well as fabricating conductive graphene aerogels and graphene−polymer composites, thus avoiding the use of copious quantities of organic solvents and lowering the manufacturing cost. This non-dispersion strategy paves the way for the cost-effective and environmentally friendly production of graphene-based materials.
Large-scale graphene production remains challenging because of the tendency of graphene to stack with itself, which requires its dispersion in large amounts of solvent. Here the authors achieve the environmentally favourable production of highly concentrated graphene in water through a non-dispersion, flocculation strategy.
Journal Article