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Long-Term Efficacy of a Hepatitis E Vaccine
Hepatitis E virus is a common cause of illness worldwide and is associated with severe complications, especially in pregnant women. In this report, the long-term efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a hepatitis E vaccine are described.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide.
1
,
2
HEV infection occurs in two distinct epidemiologic patterns.
3
The most common pattern is waterborne infection, which is caused by HEV genotype 1 or 2 and occurs mainly in resource-limited countries, often in large, protracted outbreaks or in sporadic cases associated with high mortality among pregnant women.
4
–
6
The other pattern is transmission from animals and humans, which is caused by HEV genotype 3 or 4 and occurs widely in both resource-limited and developed countries.
1
,
7
–
9
Rein et al.
10
estimated the incidence of hepatitis E in areas . . .
Journal Article
eccDNABase: A Comprehensive and High-Quality Database for Extrachromosomal Circular DNA
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) refers to small, circular DNA molecules that originate from chromosomal sequences and are prevalent across nearly all eukaryotic organisms. In humans, eccDNAs are widely distributed in normal tissues, cancerous tissues, and body fluids, where they play important roles in tumorigenesis and are often associated with poor clinical outcomes. Given their biological and clinical significance, a well-integrated and high-quality database is essential for advancing eccDNA-related research. To address this need, we developed eccDNABase, a comprehensive and curated resource for browsing, searching, and analyzing eccDNAs across multiple species. The database systematically catalogs eccDNA–disease associations from diverse tissues and organisms. Currently, eccDNABase contains 1,875,452 eccDNA–disease associations, encompassing 8,398 ecDNA entries across nine species, 63 diseases, and healthy individuals. Each entry provides detailed information, including eccDNA ID, type, chromosomal localization, species, tissue or cell line source, disease name and Disease Ontology ID, overlap length and percentage with genes, oncogene overlap, detection method, and links to literature and source databases. Given its extensive and curated datasets, eccDNABase serves as a valuable resource for both basic and translational research, offering deeper insights into the role of eccDNA in health and disease. The database is publicly accessible at http://cgga.org.cn/eccDNABase/.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Seroprevalence data suggest that a third of the world's population has been infected with the hepatitis E virus. Our aim was to assess efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine, HEV 239 (Hecolin; Xiamen Innovax Biotech, Xiamen, China) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Healthy adults aged 16–65 years in, Jiangsu Province, China were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive three doses of HEV 239 (30 μg of purified recombinant hepatitis E antigen adsorbed to 0·8 mg aluminium hydroxide suspended in 0·5 mL buffered saline) or placebo (hepatitis B vaccine) given intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Randomisation was done by computer-generated permuted blocks and stratified by age and sex. Participants were followed up for 19 months. The primary endpoint was prevention of hepatitis E during 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose. Analysis was based on participants who received all three doses per protocol. Study participants, care givers, and investigators were all masked to group and vaccine assignments. This trial is registered with
ClinicalTrials.gov, number
NCT01014845.
11 165 of the trial participants were tested for hepatitis E virus IgG, of which 5285 (47%) were seropositive for hepatitis E virus. Participants were randomly assigned to vaccine (n=56 302) or placebo (n=56 302). 48 693 (86%) participants in the vaccine group and 48 663 participants (86%) in the placebo group received three vaccine doses and were included in the primary efficacy analysis. During the 12 months after 30 days from receipt of the third dose 15 per-protocol participants in the placebo group developed hepatitis E compared with none in the vaccine group. Vaccine efficacy after three doses was 100·0% (95% CI 72·1–100·0). Adverse effects attributable to the vaccine were few and mild. No vaccination-related serious adverse event was noted.
HEV 239 is well tolerated and effective in the prevention of hepatitis E in the general population in China, including both men and women age 16–65 years.
Chinese National High-tech R&D Programme (863 programme), Chinese National Key Technologies R&D Programme, Chinese National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, Fujian Provincial Department of Sciences and Technology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, and Fujian Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars.
Journal Article
4 × 4 Active Antenna Array with Digital Phase Shifting for WiFi 6E Applications
This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of a compact microstrip patch antenna and a 4 × 4 phased antenna array system tailored for Wi-Fi 6E applications, U-NII-5 band. A single inset-fed microstrip patch antenna was first optimized through full-wave simulations, achieving a resonant frequency of 5.96 GHz with a measured return loss of −17.5 dB and stable broadside radiation. Building on this element, a corporate-fed 4 × 4 array was implemented on an FR4 substrate, incorporating stepped-impedance transmission lines and λ/4 transformers to ensure equal power division and impedance matching across all ports. A 4-bit digital phase shifter, controlled by an ATmega328p microcontroller, was integrated to enable electronic beam steering. Simulated results demonstrated accurate beam control within ±28°, with directional gains above 13 dBi and minimal degradation compared to the broadside case. Over-the-air measurements validated these findings, showing main lobe steering at 0°, ±15°, +33° and −30° with peak gains between 7.8 and 11.5 dBi. The proposed design demonstrates a cost-effective and practical solution for Wi-Fi 6E phased array antennas, offering enhanced beamforming, improved spatial coverage, and reliable performance in next-generation wireless networks.
Journal Article
Bifunctional Squaramide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution: Simultaneous Access to Axially Chiral Thioether and Sulfoxide
Axially chiral thioethers and sulfoxides emerge as two pivotal classes of ligands and organocatalysts, which have remarkable features in the stereoinduction of various asymmetric transformations. However, the lack of easy methods to access such molecules with diverse structures has hampered their broader utilization. Herein, an oxidative kinetic resolution for sulfides using a chiral bifunctional squaramide as the catalyst with cumene hydroperoxide as the terminal oxidant is established. This asymmetric approach provides a variety of axially chiral thioethers as well as sulfoxides bearing both axial and central chirality, with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. This catalytic system also successfully extends to the kinetic resolution of benzothiophene‐based sulfides. Preliminary mechanism investigation indicates that the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between the bifunctional squaramide catalyst and substrates play a crucial role in determining the enantioselectivity and reactivity. A bifunctional squaramide‐catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of sulfides is developed using cumene hydroperoxide as the terminal oxidant, which allows one to achieve a kinetic resolution of 2‐hydroxy‐2ʹ‐alkylthio‐1,1ʹ‐biaryls. This approach provides a variety of axially chiral thioethers and sulfoxides, which can be readily converted into valuable axially chiral compounds and sulfur‐containing ligands.
Journal Article
Impact of metabolic syndrome on short-term outcome of carotid revascularization: a large sample size study in Chinese population
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is relatively common worldwide and an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is closely linked to arterial stiffness of the carotid artery. However, the association of MetS with the safety of carotid revascularization has been rarely studied. The aim of this study was to observe the current status of MetS and its components in Chinese carotid revascularized patients, and investigate the impact on major adverse clinical events (MACEs) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS).
From January 2013 to December 2017, patients undergoing CEA or CAS in the Neurosurgery Department of Xuanwu Hospital were retrospectively recruited. The changes in prevalence of MetS and each component with time were investigated. The primary outcome was 30-day post-operative MACEs. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the impact of MetS on CEA or CAS.
A total of 2068 patients who underwent CEA (766 cases) or CAS (1302 cases) were included. The rate of MetS was 17.9%; the prevalence rate of MetS increased with time. The occurrence rate of MACEs in CEA was 3.4% (26 cases) and in CAS, 3.1% (40 cases). There was no statistical difference between the two groups (3.4% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.600). For CEA patients, univariate analysis showed that the MACE (+) group had increased diabetes history (53.8% vs. 30.9%, P = 0.014) and MetS (34.6% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.023). For CAS patients, univariate analysis showed that the MACE (+) group had increased coronary artery disease history (40.0% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.006) and internal carotid artery tortuosity (67.5%% vs. 37.6%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the MACE (+) group had higher systolic blood pressure (143.38 ± 22.74 vs. 135.42 ± 17.17 mmHg, P = 0.004). Multivariable analysis showed that the influencing factors for MACEs in CEA included history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.345; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.057-5.205; P = 0.036) and MetS (OR = 2.476; 95% CI = 1.065-5.757; P = 0.035). The influencing factors for MACEs in CAS included systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.023; 95% CI = 1.005-1.040; P = 0.010), coronary artery disease (OR = 2.382; 95% CI = 1.237-4.587; P = 0.009) and internal carotid artery tortuosity (OR = 3.221; 95% CI = 1.637-6.337; P = 0.001).
The prevalence rate of MetS increased with time in carotid revascularized patients. MetS is a risk for short-term MACEs after CEA, but not CAS.
Journal Article
Epidemiology of Zoonotic Hepatitis E: A Community-Based Surveillance Study in a Rural Population in China
Hepatitis E is caused by two viral genotype groups: human types and zoonotic types. Current understanding of the epidemiology of the zoonotic hepatitis E disease is founded largely on hospital-based studies.
The epidemiology of hepatitis E was investigated in a community-based surveillance study conducted over one year in a rural city in eastern China with a registered population of 400,162.
The seroprevalence of hepatitis E in the cohort was 38%. The incidence of hepatitis E was 2.8/10,000 person-years. Totally 93.5% of the infections were attributed to genotype 4 and the rest, to genotype 1. Hepatitis E accounted for 28.4% (102/359) of the acute hepatitis cases and 68.9% (102/148) of the acute viral hepatitis cases in this area of China. The disease occurred sporadically with a higher prevalence during the cold season and in men, with the male-to-female ratio of 3∶1. Additionally, the incidence of hepatitis E increased with age. Hepatitis B virus carriers have an increased risk of contracting hepatitis E than the general population (OR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.5-4.2). Pre-existing immunity to hepatitis E lowered the risk (relative risk = 0.34, 95% CI 0.21-0.55) and reduced the severity of the disease.
Hepatitis E in the rural population of China is essentially that of a zoonosis due to the genotype 4 virus, the epidemiology of which is similar to that due to the other zoonotic genotype 3 virus.
Journal Article
Microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of extruded low-alloyed Mg-xZn-0.2Ca alloys
The microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of extruded low-alloyed Mg-
x
Zn-0.2Ca (
x
= 0,1.0,2.0, 3.0) alloys were investigated in this study. Findings from scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the amount of ternary Ca
2
Mg
6
Zn
3
phase, as the only secondary phase in 1.0Zn, 2.0Zn, and 3.0Zn alloys, gradually increases with the addition of Zn, while the Mg
2
Ca phase was observed in the Mg-0.2Ca alloy only. Zn has a strong effect on the orientation and intensity of textures, which also influence mechanical behaviors, as revealed by electron back-scatter diffraction. Among all the alloys, the Mg-2.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy obtains the maximum tensile strength (278 MPa) and yield strength (230 MPa). Moreover, Zn addition has an evident influence on the corrosion properties of Mg-
x
Zn-0.2Ca alloy, and Mg-l.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy exhibits the minimum corrosion rate. This paper provides a novel low-alloyed magnesium alloy as a potential biodegradable material.
Journal Article
Ant colony system for job shop scheduling with time windows
Scheduling for a job shop production system is an integral aspect of production management. Scheduling operations must minimize stock, waste, and idle time and ensure on-time delivery of goods in a time window problem. In this study, due date is considered as an interval instead of a time point. This study addresses scheduling with a time window of job shop scheduling problem (JSP) and yields a solution that is close to the time window. The total penalty due to earliness and tardiness is minimized. As the problem is NP-hard, a mathematical model of the JSP with a time window is initially constructed, and data are then simulated. Solutions are obtained by ant colony optimization (ACO) programs written in C-language and are compared with the best solution obtained using LINGO 7.0 to determine the efficiency and robustness. Test results indicate that ACO is extremely efficient. Solution time using ACO is less than that using LINGO. Hence, ACO is both effective and efficient, which are two qualities stressed in business management.
Journal Article