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"Yang, Hua"
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Exosome biogenesis: machinery, regulation, and therapeutic implications in cancer
Exosomes are well-known key mediators of intercellular communication and contribute to various physiological and pathological processes. Their biogenesis involves four key steps, including cargo sorting, MVB formation and maturation, transport of MVBs, and MVB fusion with the plasma membrane. Each process is modulated through the competition or coordination of multiple mechanisms, whereby diverse repertoires of molecular cargos are sorted into distinct subpopulations of exosomes, resulting in the high heterogeneity of exosomes. Intriguingly, cancer cells exploit various strategies, such as aberrant gene expression, posttranslational modifications, and altered signaling pathways, to regulate the biogenesis, composition, and eventually functions of exosomes to promote cancer progression. Therefore, exosome biogenesis-targeted therapy is being actively explored. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in understanding the machinery of exosome biogenesis and how it is regulated in the context of cancer. In particular, we highlight pharmacological targeting of exosome biogenesis as a promising cancer therapeutic strategy.
Journal Article
Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses
Photosynthesis sustains plant life on earth and is indispensable for plant growth and development. Factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions, stress regulatory networks, and plant biochemical processes limits the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and thereby threaten food security worldwide. Although numerous physiological approaches have been used to assess the performance of key photosynthetic components and their stress responses, though, these approaches are not extensive enough and do not favor strategic improvement of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses. The decline in photosynthetic capacity of plants due to these stresses is directly associated with reduction in yield. Therefore, a detailed information of the plant responses and better understanding of the photosynthetic machinery could help in developing new crop plants with higher yield even under stressed environments. Interestingly, cracking of signaling and metabolic pathways, identification of some key regulatory elements, characterization of potential genes, and phytohormone responses to abiotic factors have advanced our knowledge related to photosynthesis. However, our understanding of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis under dramatically fluctuating natural environments remains limited. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the research conducted on photosynthesis to date, and highlight the abiotic stress factors (heat, salinity, drought, high light, and heavy metal) that limit the performance of the photosynthetic machinery. Further, we reviewed the role of transcription factor genes and various enzymes involved in the process of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses. Finally, we discussed the recent progress in the field of biodegradable compounds, such as chitosan and humic acid, and the effect of melatonin (bio-stimulant) on photosynthetic activity. Based on our gathered researched data set, the logical concept of photosynthetic regulation under abiotic stresses along with improvement strategies will expand and surely accelerate the development of stress tolerance mechanisms, wider adaptability, higher survival rate, and yield potential of plant species.
Journal Article
Extended topological valley-locked surface acoustic waves
Stable and efficient guided waves are essential for information transmission and processing. Recently, topological valley-contrasting materials in condensed matter systems have been revealed as promising infrastructures for guiding classical waves, for they can provide broadband, non-dispersive and reflection-free electromagnetic/mechanical wave transport with a high degree of freedom. In this work, by designing and manufacturing miniaturized phononic crystals on a semi-infinite substrate, we experimentally realized a valley-locked edge transport for surface acoustic waves (SAWs). Critically, original one-dimensional edge transports could be extended to quasi-two-dimensional ones by doping SAW Dirac “semimetal” layers at the boundaries. We demonstrate that SAWs in the extended topological valley-locked edges are robust against bending and wavelength-scaled defects. Also, this mechanism is configurable and robust depending on the doping, offering various on-chip acoustic manipulation,
e.g
., SAW routing, focusing, splitting, and converging, all flexible and high-flow. This work may promote future hybrid phononic circuits for acoustic information processing, sensing, and manipulation.
Here the authors provide experimental evidence of extended topological valley-locked states. By splicing together Dirac semimetals and topological insulators, they demonstrate reduced backscattering and enhanced matching of SAW with interdigital transducers proposing this system for topological acoustics devices.
Journal Article
Malignant Peritoneal Cytology Predicts Poor Prognosis and Differential Adjuvant Therapy Benefit in Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma: A SEER-Based Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
The prognostic significance of malignant peritoneal cytology (PC) in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EC) and its clinical implications for adjuvant therapy selection remain controversial.
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 9631 endometrioid EC patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data (2010-2017). Prognostic determinants of overall survival (OS) were identified through Cox regression. Propensity score matching (PSM) generated balanced cohorts: 826 malignant PC, 148 atypical/suspicious PC, and 974 negative PC cases. Survival distributions were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.
Univariable analysis identified significant OS associations with age, histopathological grade, tumor stage, and PC status (all p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis confirmed malignant PC as an independent prognostic factor. Post-PSM: Malignant PC subgroup showed significantly reduced OS vs others (p < 0.001). Stage-specific effects in malignant PC subgroup: Radiation improved OS only in regional disease (p = 0.016). Systemic therapy reduced OS in all-stage malignant PC (p = 0.022). Atypical/suspicious PC subgroup: No survival benefit from radiation (p = 0.71) or systemic therapy (p = 0.38).
Malignant PC independently predicts poor prognosis in endometrioid EC but requires cautious interpretation in therapeutic decision-making due to its differential adjuvant therapy effects. PC status alone cannot guide risk stratification; treatment decisions should integrate stage-specific efficacy data. Prospective validation is imperative.
Journal Article
أفكار حول تعميق الإصلاح
يناقش الكتاب سلسلة من الإيضاحات الهامة قدمها الرئيس الصيني والأمين العام للجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني، شي جين بينغ، وتدور حول أفكار الإصلاح وتوسيع الانفتاح على نحو شامل في الصين. يضم الكتاب أكثر من 70 وثيقة هامة على صورة كلمات شي جين بينغ وخطاباته وتعليقاته وتوجيهاته وينقسم الكتاب إلى 12 موضوعا خاصا تتضمن 274 قطعة من مقتطفات الأقوال، نشر بعضها لأول مرة.
Book
Gut Microbiota, Circulating Metabolites and Risk of Endometriosis: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Study
Epidemiological studies and animal models have suggested a possible link between gut microbiota (GM), circulating metabolites, and endometriosis (EMs) pathogenesis. However, whether these associations are causal or merely due to confounding factors remains unclear. We conducted a two-sample and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) study to elucidate the potential causal relationship between GM and EMs, and the mediating role of circulating metabolites. Our MR analysis revealed that higher abundances of class Negativicutes, and order Selenomonadales, as well as genera
group,
were associated with an increased risk of EMs (Odds Ratio (OR) range: 1.0019–1.0037). Conversely, higher abundances of genera
and
were linked to reduced risk of EMs (OR range: 0.9964–0.9967). Additionally, elevated levels of circulating metabolites such as 1-eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphocholine and 1-oleoylglycerophosphocholine were found to be associated with heightened risk of EMs (OR range: 2.21–3.16), while higher concentrations of 3-phenylpropionate and dihomo-linolenate were protective (OR range: 0.285–0.535). Two-step MR analysis indicated that specific microbial taxa, notably genus
and order Selenomonadales, might function as mediators linking circulating metabolites to the risk of EMs. Our findings suggest a probable causal relationship between GM, circulating metabolites, and EMs, indicating that GM may mediate the influence of circulating metabolites on the pathophysiology of EMs. These results offer new leads for future mechanistic studies and could inform clinical translational research.
Journal Article