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Over the past few decades, exciton-polaritons have attracted substantial research interest due to their half-light-half-matter bosonic nature. Coupling exciton-polaritons with magnetic orders grants access to rich many-body phenomena, but has been limited by the availability of material systems that exhibit simultaneous exciton resonances and magnetic ordering. Here we report magnetically-dressed microcavity exciton-polaritons in the van der Waals antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductor CrSBr coupled to a Tamm plasmon microcavity. Using angle-resolved spectroscopy, we reveal an exceptionally high exciton-photon coupling strength, up to 169 meV, demonstrating ultrastrong coupling that persists up to room temperature. By performing temperature-dependent spectroscopy, we show the magnetic nature of the exciton-polaritons in CrSBr microcavity as the magnetic order changes from AFM to paramagnetic. By applying an out-of-plane magnetic field, we achieve effective tuning of the polariton energy while maintaining the ultrastrong exciton-photon coupling strength. We attribute this to the spin canting process that modulates the interlayer exciton interaction. Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light matter quasi-particles, which can occur in systems exhibiting strong light-matter coupling. Here, Wang et al study exciton-polaritons in the van der Waals antiferromagnetic material, CrSBr, coupled to a Tamm plasmon microcavity and find the exciton-polaritons are sensitive to and can be tuned by the magnetic order of CrSBr.

The efficient use of renewable X/γ-rays or accelerated electrons for chemical transformation of CO 2 and water to fuels holds promise for a carbon-neutral economy; however, such processes are challenging to implement and require the assistance of catalysts capable of sensitizing secondary electron scattering and providing active metal sites to bind intermediates. Here we show atomic Cu-Ni dual-metal sites embedded in a metal-organic framework enable efficient and selective CH 3 OH production (~98%) over multiple irradiated cycles. The usage of practical electron-beam irradiation (200 keV; 40 kGy min −1 ) with a cost-effective hydroxyl radical scavenger promotes CH 3 OH production rate to 0.27 mmol g −1  min −1 . Moreover, time-resolved experiments with calculations reveal the direct generation of CO 2 •‒ radical anions via aqueous electrons attachment occurred on nanosecond timescale, and cascade hydrogenation steps. Our study highlights a radiolytic route to produce CH 3 OH with CO 2 feedstock and introduces a desirable atomic structure to improve performance. Most approaches for CH 3 OH production focus on thermochemical, electrolytic, and photolytic processes. Here the authors report a radiolytic route to produce CH 3 OH from CO 2 and water by atomic Cu-Ni dual sites embedded in a metal-organic framework.

Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut–liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.

The discovery of various primary ferroic phases in atomically-thin van der Waals crystals have created a new two-dimensional wonderland for exploring and manipulating exotic quantum phases. It may also bring technical breakthroughs in device applications, as evident by prototypical functionalities of giant tunneling magnetoresistance, gate-tunable ferromagnetism and non-volatile ferroelectric memory etc. However, two-dimensional multiferroics with effective magnetoelectric coupling, which ultimately decides the future of multiferroic-based information technology, has not been realized yet. Here, we show that an unconventional magnetoelectric coupling mechanism interlocked with heterogeneous ferrielectric transitions emerges at the two-dimensional limit in van der Waals multiferroic CuCrP 2 S 6 with inherent antiferromagnetism and antiferroelectricity. Distinct from the homogeneous antiferroelectric bulk, thin-layer CuCrP 2 S 6 under external electric field makes layer-dependent heterogeneous ferrielectric transitions, minimizing the depolarization effect introduced by the rearrangements of Cu + ions within the ferromagnetic van der Waals cages of CrS 6 and P 2 S 6 octahedrons. The resulting ferrielectric phases are characterized by substantially reduced interlayer magnetic coupling energy of nearly 50% with a moderate electric field of 0.3 V nm −1 , producing widely-tunable magnetoelectric coupling which can be further engineered by asymmetrical electrode work functions. Two-dimensional multiferroics with effective magnetoelectric coupling has not been realized. Here, the authors find a magnetoelectric coupling mechanism in two-dimensional CuCrP 2 S 6 interlocked with heterogeneous ferrielectric state.

Natural superlattice structures MnBi 2 Te 4 (Bi 2 Te 3 ) n ( n  = 1, 2, ...), in which magnetic MnBi 2 Te 4 layers are separated by nonmagnetic Bi 2 Te 3 layers, hold band topology, magnetism and reduced interlayer coupling, providing a promising platform for the realization of exotic topological quantum states. However, their magnetism in the two-dimensional limit, which is crucial for further exploration of quantum phenomena, remains elusive. Here, complex ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic coexisting ground states that persist down to the 2-septuple layers limit are observed and comprehensively investigated in MnBi 4 Te 7 ( n  = 1) and MnBi 6 Te 10 ( n  = 2). The ubiquitous Mn-Bi site mixing modifies or even changes the sign of the subtle interlayer magnetic interactions, yielding a spatially inhomogeneous interlayer coupling. Further, a tunable exchange bias effect, arising from the coupling between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic components in the ground state, is observed in MnBi 2 Te 4 (Bi 2 Te 3 ) n ( n  = 1, 2), which provides design principles and material platforms for future spintronic devices. Our work highlights a new approach toward the fine-tuning of magnetism and paves the way for further study of quantum phenomena in MnBi 2 Te 4 (Bi 2 Te 3 ) n ( n  = 1, 2) as well as their magnetic applications. MnBi 2 Te 4 and Bi 2 Te 3 can form natural superlattices, where the MnBi 2 Te 4 layers are separated by multiples of Bi 2 Te 3 . The combination of these two materials offers a potential platform for the interplay of tunable magnetism and topology. Here, the authors show that MnBi 4 Te 7 and MnBi 6 Te 10 display a complex magnetic ground state with coexisting ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic domains.

The recent discovery of anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in non-collinear antiferromagnets offers a promising platform for developing ultra-compact, ultrafast, and low-power antiferromagnetic spintronics, as well as for the in-depth investigation of topological physics. One notable example is the quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet Co 1/3 NbS 2 , which exhibits a large spontaneous Hall effect with compensated magnetization. Here, we report the observation of a large spontaneous Nernst effect in exfoliated Co 1/3 NbS 2 flakes. By analyzing the temperature- and field-dependent thermoelectric and transport phenomena, we confirm the intrinsic k -space Berry curvature as the origin of the spontaneous Hall effect. Reflective magnetic circular dichroism measurements further reveal the presence of non-collinear antiferromagnetic domains in Co 1/3 NbS 2 . Combined with electrical transport measurements, we elucidate the distinct magnetic reversal mechanisms between bulk and exfoliated samples. Our study provides a comprehensive phenomenological understanding of the magnetic and transport properties of Co 1/3 NbS 2 , laying the groundwork for further exploration of the underlying physics and potential applications of two-dimensional non-collinear magnets. The quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet Co 1/3 NbS 2 was recently reported to have a significant anomalous Hall effect. However, its controversial spin configuration has presented challenges in understanding the physical mechanism behind the AHE. Here, through an array of experimental probes, Gu, Peng and coauthors verify an intrinsic k -space Berry curvature as origin of the spontaneous Hall effect, and elucidate the domain-related magnetic reversal behaviours.

The seven members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT） family of transcription factors are activated in response to many different cytokines and growth factors by phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues. The STAT1 and STAT3 genes are specific targets of activated STATs 1 and 3, respectively, resulting in large increases in the levels of these unphosphorylated STATs （U-STATs） in response to the interferons （STAT1） or ligands that active gpl30, such as IL-6 （STAT3）. U-STATs drive gene expression by novel mechanisms distinct from those used by phosphorylated STAT （P-STAT） dimers. In this review, we discuss the roles of U-STATs in transcription and regulation of gene expression.

The activation of STAT3 by tyrosine phosphorylation, essential for normal development and for a normal inflammatory response to invading pathogens, is kept in check by negative regulators. Abnormal constitutive activation of STAT3, which contributes to the pathology of cancer and to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, occurs when negative regulation is not fully effective. SOCS3, the major negative regulator of STAT3, is induced by tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 and terminates STAT3 phosphorylation about 2 h after initial exposure of cells to members of the IL-6 family of cytokines by binding cooperatively to the common receptor subunit gp130 and JAKs 1 and 2. We show here that when the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is present and active, STAT3 is rephosphorylated about 4 h after exposure of cells to IL-6 or oncostatin M and remains active for many hours. Newly synthesized IL-6 drives association of the IL-6 receptor and gp130 with EGFR, leading to EGFR-dependent rephosphorylation of STAT3, which is not inhibited by the continued presence of SOCS3. This second wave of STAT3 activation supports sustained expression of a subset of IL-6-induced proteins, several of which play important roles in inflammation and cancer, in which both IL-6 secretion and EGFR levels are often elevated.

Spin Seebeck effect refers to the creation of spin currents due to a temperature gradient in the magnetic materials or across magnet-normal metal interfaces, which can be electrically detected through the inverse spin Hall effect when in contact with heavy metals. It offers fundamental insights into the magnetic properties of materials, including the magnetic phase transition, static magnetic order, and magnon excitations. The behavior of the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flop transition has been extensively studied, whereas the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flip transition remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the spin Seebeck effect in a weakly exchange-coupled van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS 4 . The spin Seebeck effect increases as the magnetic field increases before the spin-flip transition due to the enhancement of the thermal spin current as a function of the applied field. A peak of spin Seebeck effect is observed at the spin-flip field, which is related to the magnon mode edges across the spin-flip field. Our results extend spin Seebeck effect research to van der Waals antiferromagnets and demonstrate an enhancement of spin Seebeck effect at the spin-flip transition. The authors find the magnon spin transport in CrSP 4 /Pt (Ta) can be effectively modulated through adjustments in temperature and applied magnetic field, particularly at the spin-flip field.

Two-dimensional antiferromagnets that combine the dual advantages of van der Waals (vdW) and antiferromagnetic materials, provide an unprecedented platform to explore emergent spin-related phenomena. However, electrical manipulation of Néel vectors in vdW antiferromagnets —the cornerstone of antiferromagnetic spintronics— remains challenging. Here, we report layer-dependent electrical switching of the Néel vector in an A-type vdW antiferromagnet (Fe, Co) 3 GaTe 2 (FCGT) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The Néel vector of FCGT with odd-number vdW layers can be 180° reversed via spin-orbit torques. Furthermore, we achieve field-free switching in an all-vdW, all-antiferromagnet heterostructure of FCGT/CrSBr in which the noncollinear interfacial spin texture breaks the mirror symmetry. Our results establish layer-controlled spin symmetries and interfacial spin engineering as universal paradigms for manipulating antiferromagnetic order, paving the way for realising reliable and efficient vdW antiferromagnetic devices. Antiferromagnets have negligible stray magnetic fields and are robust against magnetic perturbations, making them ideal for high-density magnetic memory. However, these features make electrically switching the Néel vector challenging. Here, Guo, Lin and coauthors demonstrate layer-dependent electrical switching of a van der Waals antiferromagnet.