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"Yang, Lin Lin"
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The rock in my throat
\"In this moving true story, Kao Kalia Yang shares her experiences as a Hmong refugee child navigating life at home and school in America while carrying the weight of her selective mutism\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
X‐ray scattering based scanning tomography for imaging and structural characterization of cellulose in plants
X‐ray and neutron scattering have long been used for structural characterization of cellulose in plants. Due to averaging over the illuminated sample volume, these measurements traditionally overlooked the compositional and morphological heterogeneity within the sample. Here, a scanning tomographic imaging method is described, using contrast derived from the X‐ray scattering intensity, for virtually sectioning the sample to reveal its internal structure at a resolution of a few micrometres. This method provides a means for retrieving the local scattering signal that corresponds to any voxel within the virtual section, enabling characterization of the local structure using traditional data‐analysis methods. This is accomplished through tomographic reconstruction of the spatial distribution of a handful of mathematical components identified by non‐negative matrix factorization from the large dataset of X‐ray scattering intensity. Joint analysis of multiple datasets, to find similarity between voxels by clustering of the decomposed data, could help elucidate systematic differences between samples, such as those expected from genetic modifications, chemical treatments or fungal decay. The spatial distribution of the microfibril angle can also be analyzed, based on the tomographically reconstructed scattering intensity as a function of the azimuthal angle. Tomographic virtual sectioning of plant samples based on X‐ray scattering intensity provides spatially resolved characterization of the structure and organization of cellulose in plants.
Journal Article
Influenza a virus NS1 resembles a TRAF3-interacting motif to target the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and impair antiviral innate immunity
Background
Influenza A virus (IAV) evolves strategies to counteract the host antiviral defense for establishing infection. The influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a key viral factor shown to counteract type I IFN antiviral response mainly through targeting RIG-I signaling. Growing evidence suggests that viral RNA sensors RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 function to detect IAV RNA in different cell types to induce type I IFN antiviral response to IAV infection. Yet, it remains unclear if IAV NS1 can exploit a common mechanism to counteract these RNA sensing pathways to type I IFN production at once, then promoting viral propagation in the host.
Methods
Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the effect of NS1 and its mutants on the RIG-I and TLR3 pathways to the activation of the IFN-β and NF-κB promoters. Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic analyses were used to the interaction and colocalization between NS1 and TRAF3. Ubiquitination assays were performed to study the effect of NS1 and its mutants on TRAF3 ubiquitination. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations was generated by reverse genetics for biochemical, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses to explore the importance of NS1 E152/E153 residues in targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and IAV pathogenicity.
Results
Here we report that NS1 subverts the RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 pathways to type I IFN production through targeting TRAF3 E3 ubiquitin ligase. NS1 harbors a conserved FTEE motif (a.a. 150-153), in which the E152/E153 residues are critical for binding TRAF3 to block TRAF3 ubiquitination and type I IFN production by these RNA sensing pathways. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations induces higher type I IFN production ex vivo and in vivo, and exhibits the attenuated phenotype in infected mice, indicating the importance of E152/E153 residues in IAV pathogenicity.
Conclusions
Together our work uncovers a novel mechanism of IAV NS1-mediated immune evasion to promote viral infection through targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis.
Journal Article
الفنون الشعبية الصينية
تعد الفنون التشكیلیة التي یقوم بھا الشعب الصیني لتلبیة متطلبات الحیاة الاجتماعیة الشخصیة، وتتجلي تلك الفنون الشعبیة الصینیة في المقصوصات ولوحات رأس السنة الجدیدة والأقنعة والطائرات الورقیة والتشكیل بالعجین وتماثیل الصلصال وغیرھا. ویعمل بتلك الفنون الشعبیة مجموعات كبیرة من العمال العادیین الذین یعیشون بالمناطق الریفیة الواسعة، من ھؤلاء العاملین تتركز في النساء العاملات بالمناطق الریفیة. وتجمع الفنون الشعبیة في طیاتھا بین الحیاة الإنتاجیة وضروریات الحیاة الأساسیة والطقوس البشریة. وینضوي المضمون الثقافي والشكل الفني لتلك الفنون الشعبیة على تراث الثقافة التاریخیة للأمة الصینیة والتي امتدت لسبعة آلاف أو ثمانیة آلاف سنة منذ المجتمع من تلك الثقافة البدائیة التي تقوم على عبادة الطبیعة والطوطم وعبادة الأسلاف وحتي تلك الثقافة الاقتصادیة التجاریة الحدیثة، حیث یمكن القول بأنھا حجر نشاط الثقافة التاریخیة القومیة.
BOOK
Association between relative muscle strength and hypertension in middle-aged and older Chinese adults
Background
The association between muscle defects and hypertension is well-established. However, the absence of pertinent and uncomplicated clinical indicators presents a challenge. Relative muscle strength (RMS) may offer a viable indicator. This study aimed to explore the association between RMS and hypertension.
Methods
A total of 12,720 individuals aged ≥ 45 years from the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. Grip strength was recorded and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was estimated using a validated mathematical formula. The RMS was calculated as the ratio of grip strength to ASM. Hypertension was determined based on previous diagnosis, history of hypertension medication use, and current blood pressure. Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the relationship between RMS and hypertension.
Results
The prevalence of hypertension was 41.7% (5,307/12,720 patients). RMS was negatively correlated with hypertension with an OR (95% CI) of 0.68 (0.59–0.79) for males, 0.81 (0.73–0.90) for females, and 0.78 (0.72–0.85) for the entire population after adjusting for related covariates including age, education, marital history, smoking history, drinking history, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. The trend test showed a linear association among males, females, or the entire population. Stratified analysis showed a consistent negative correlation between RMS and hypertension.
Conclusions
Higher RMS is an independent protective factor against hypertension and efforts to promote RMS may be beneficial for the prevention and management of hypertension.
Journal Article
Crosstalk of lncRNA and Cellular Metabolism and Their Regulatory Mechanism in Cancer
The imbalanced regulation of metabolic homeostasis and energy production is highly associated with inflammation, tumor growth, metastasis and cancer progression. Both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy production in cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Furthermore, lncRNAs can function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer. Dysregulated lncRNAs reportedly regulate cancer hallmarks such as tumor growth, metabolism and metastasis. Accordingly, uncovering the interaction between lncRNAs and cellular metabolism has become a necessity when attempting to identify effective therapeutic and preventive strategies in cancer progression. This review summarizes important knowledge of the actions of known lncRNAs-mediated cancer metabolism.
Journal Article
DOES ENGAGEMENT IN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROVIDE STRATEGIC INSURANCE-LIKE EFFECTS?
Research summary: This study examines whether the stock and bond prices of firms engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can benefit from insurance-like effects during occurrences of negative events. Our results suggest that in the face of negative events, engagement in CSR on a continuous, long-term basis provides insurance-like effects on both the stock and bond prices of firms. Nevertheless, the effects are found to quickly disappear following the occurrence of a second, or subsequent, negative event. Although our results clearly indicate that firms need to allocate some of their available resources to long-term strategic CSR activities, managers must also realize that in a crisis communication, they will probably be able to use their CSR claims on one occasion only. Managerial summary: The purpose of this article is to examine whether firms engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can benefit from insurance-like effects during occurrences of negative events. We find that on the occurrence of a negative event, long-term CSR engagement does have insurance-like effects. We also find that these insurance-like effects may quickly disappear following the occurrence of a second negative event. Managers of firms with a long history of CSR activities need to realize that in a crisis communication, they can probably use their claims of adherence to CSR only once.
Journal Article
MicroRNA Networks Modulate Oxidative Stress in Cancer
Imbalanced regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant factors in cells is known as “oxidative stress (OS)”. OS regulates key cellular physiological responses through signal transduction, transcription factors and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that continued OS can cause chronic inflammation, which in turn contributes to cardiovascular and neurological diseases and cancer development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ncRNAs that produce functional 18-25-nucleotide RNA molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of target gene expression by binding to complementary regions of the mRNA and regulating mRNA degradation or inhibiting translation. Furthermore, miRNAs function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer. Dysregulated miRNAs reportedly modulate cancer hallmarks such as metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tumor growth. Notably, miRNAs are involved in ROS production or ROS-mediated function. Accordingly, investigating the interaction between ROS and miRNAs has become an important endeavor that is expected to aid in the development of effective treatment/prevention strategies for cancer. This review provides a summary of the essential properties and functional roles of known miRNAs associated with OS in cancers.
Journal Article