Explore the vast range of titles available.

We investigated the effects of low and high doses of β-conglycinin and the ameliorative effects of sodium butyrate (based on high-dose β-conglycinin) on the growth performance, serum immunity, distal intestinal histopathology, and gene, protein expression related to intestinal health in hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ ×  E. lanceolatus ♂). The results revealed that the instantaneous growth rate (IGR) of grouper significantly increased, decreased, and increased in the low-dose β-conglycinin (bL), high-level β-conglycinin (bH) and high-level β-conglycinin plus sodium butyrate (bH-NaB), respectively. The feed coefficient ratio (FCR) was significantly increased in the bH and bH-NaB, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α were upregulated in the bH. The intestinal diameter/fold height ratio was significantly increased in the bH. Furthermore, there were increases in nitric oxide (NO), total nitric oxide synthase (total NOS), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO − ) in the bH, and decreases in total NOS and ONOO − in the bH-NaB. In the distal intestine, IL-1β and TGF-β1 mRNA levels were downregulated and upregulated, respective in the bL. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were upregulated in the bH, and downregulated in the bH-NaB, respectively. Occludin, claudin3 and ZO-3 mRNA levels were upregulated in the bL, downregulated in the bH and then upregulated in the bH-NaB. No significant differences were observed in the mRNA levels of IFN-γ and jam4. And the p-PI3K p85 Tyr458 /total PI3K p85 value was significantly increased in the bH and then decreased in the bH-NaB, and the total Akt value was significantly increased in the bH. These indicate β-conglycinin has a regulatory effect on serum immunity and affect distal intestinal development by modulating distal intestinal injury-related parameters. Within the distal intestinal tract, low- and high-dose β-conglycinin differentially affect immune responses and tight junctions in the distal intestine, which eventually manifests as a reduction in growth performance. Supplementing feed with sodium butyrate might represent an effective approach for enhancing serum immunity, and protects the intestines from damage caused by high-dose β-conglycinin.

Objective This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of a single exercise session on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using a three-level meta-analysis approach. Methods Relevant studies were retrieved from six databases including CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library with the searches conducted up to 6 March 2025. This study employed the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0) tool to assess the risk of bias and utilized GRADEpro to evaluate the evidence quality. The metafor package in R 4.3.0 was utilized for an effect size synthesis, heterogeneity testing, an influence analysis, and a publication bias assessment. Results A total of 12 studies were included. Low-quality evidence suggests that a single exercise session can improve executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.05, 0.29], P  = 0.007). Exercise type, duration, intensity, age, control group conditions, and study design were not considered moderating factors (all P  > 0.05). No publication bias was detected ( P  > 0.05). Conclusion A single exercise session may serve as a feasible and accessible intervention to support executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD. These findings offer preliminary support for incorporating physical activity into nonpharmacological treatment strategies. However, given the currently limited evidence quality, further high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm these effects and inform clinical practice.

Soy glycinin (11S) is involved in immune regulation. As an additive, sodium butyrate (SB) can relieve inflammation caused by 11S. To further delve into the mechanisms. A diet containing 50% fishmeal was the control group (FM group), and the experimental groups consisted of the FM group baseline plus 2% glycinin (GL group), 8% glycinin (GH group), and 8% glycinin + 0.13% sodium butyrate (GH-SB group). The specific growth ratio (SGR), feed utilization, and density of distal intestinal (DI) type II mucous cells were increased in the GL group. In the serum, IFN-γ was significantly upregulated in the GL group, and IgG and IL-1β were upregulated in the GH group. IgG, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the GH-SB group were significantly downregulated compared to those in the GH group. The mRNA levels of mTOR C1, mTOR C2, and Deptor were upregulated in the GL, GH, and GH-SB groups in the DI compared with those in the FM group, while the mRNA levels of mTOR C1 and Deptor in the GH group were higher than those in the GL and GH-SB groups. 4E-BP1, RICTOR, PRR5, MHC II, and CD4 were upregulated in the GH group. TSC1, mLST8, and NFY mRNA levels in the GL and GH-SB groups were upregulated compared with those in the FM and GH groups. Western blotting showed P-PI 3 K Ser294 /T-PI 3 K, P-Akt Ser473 /T-Akt, and P-mTOR Ser2448 /T-mTOR were upregulated in the GH group. Collectively, our results demonstrate that low-dose 11S could improve serum immune by secreting IFN-γ. The overexpression of IgG and IL-1β is the reason that high-dose 11S reduces serum immune function, and supplementing SB can suppress this overexpression. Low-dose 11S can block the relationship between PI 3 K and mTOR C2. It can also inhibit the expression of 4E-BP1 through mTOR C1. High-dose 11S upregulates 4E-BP2 through mTOR C1, aggravating intestinal inflammation. SB could relieve inflammation by blocking PI 3 K/mTOR C2 and inhibiting 4E-BP2. Generally speaking, the hybrid grouper obtained different serum and DI immune responses under different doses of 11S, and these responses were ultimately manifested in growth performance. SB can effectively enhance serum immunity and relieve intestinal inflammation caused by high dose 11S.

As a highly contagious livestock viral disease, foot-and-mouth disease poses a great threat to the beef-cattle industry. Direct animal movement is always considered as a major route for between-farm transmission of FMD virus. Sharing contaminated equipment and vehicles have also attracted increasing interests as an indirect but considerable route for FMD virus transmission. With the rapid development of communication technologies, information-sharing techniques have been used to control epidemics. In this paper, we built farm-level time-series three-layer networks to simulate the between-farm FMD virus transmission in southwest Kansas by cattle movements (direct-contact layer) and truck visits (indirect-contact layer) and evaluate the impact of information-sharing techniques (information-sharing layer) on mitigating the epidemic. Here, the information-sharing network is defined as the structure that enables the quarantine of farms that are connected with infected farms. When a farm is infected, its infection status is shared with the neighboring farms in the information-sharing network, which in turn become quarantined. The results show that truck visits can enlarge the epidemic size and prolong the epidemic duration of the FMD outbreak by cattle movements, and that the information-sharing technique is able to mitigate the epidemic. The mitigation effect of the information-sharing network varies with the information-sharing network topology and different participation levels. In general, an increased participation leads to a decreased epidemic size and an increased quarantine size. We compared the mitigation performance of three different information-sharing networks (random network, contact-based network, and distance-based network) and found the outbreak on the network with contact-based information-sharing layer has the smallest epidemic size under almost any participation level and smallest quarantine size with high participation. Furthermore, we explored the potential economic loss from the infection and the quarantine. By varying the ratio of the average loss of quarantine to the loss of infection, we found high participation results in reduced economic losses under the realistic assumption that culling costs are much greater than quarantine costs.

Animal movement plays a critical role in disease transmission between farms. However, in the United States, the lack of available animal shipment data, sometimes coupled with a lack of detailed information about farm demographics and characteristics, presents great challenges for epidemic modeling and prediction. In this study, we proposed a new method based on the maximum entropy to generate “synthetic” animal movement networks, considering available statistics about the premises operation type, operation size, and the distance between premises. We illustrated our method for the swine movement networks in Iowa and performed network analyses to gain insights into the swine industry. We then applied the generated networks to a network-based epidemic model to identify potential system vulnerabilities in terms of disease transmission. The model was parameterized for African Swine Fever (ASF) as the US swine industry is quite concerned about this disease. Results show that premises with a central role in the network are more vulnerable to disease outbreaks and play an important role in disease spread. Simulations with outbreaks starting from random farms reveal no significant large outbreaks, indicating the system’s relative robustness against arbitrary disease introductions. However, outbreaks originating from high out-degree farms can lead to large epidemic sizes. This underscores the importance for stakeholders and policymakers to continue improving animal movement records and traceability programs in the US and the value of making that data available to epidemiologists and modelers to better understand risk and inform strategies aimed to cost-effectively prevent and control disease transmission. Our approach could be easily adapted to estimate movement networks in other animal production systems and to inform disease spread models for various infectious diseases.

CO2 geo-storage is a promising approach in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and controlling global temperature rise. Although numerous studies have reported that offshore saline aquifers have greater storage potential and safety, current suitability evaluation models for CO2 geo-storage primarily focus on onshore saline aquifers, and site-level evaluations for offshore CO2 geo-storage remain unreported. In this study, we propose a framework to evaluate the site-level offshore CO2 geo-storage suitability with a multi-tiered indicator system, which considers three types of factors: engineering geology, storage potential, and socio-economy. Compared to the onshore CO2 geo-storage suitability evaluation models, the proposed indicator system considers the unique conditions of offshore CO2 geo-storage, including water depth, offshore distance, and distance from drilling platforms. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) methods were integrated and applied to the analysis of the Ying–Qiong Basin, South China Sea. The results indicated that the average suitability score in the Yinggehai Basin (0.762) was higher than that in the Qiongdongnan Basin (0.691). This difference was attributed to more extensive fault development in the Qiongdongnan Basin, suggesting that the Yinggehai Basin is more suitable for CO2 geo-storage. In addition, the DF-I reservoir in the Yinggehai Basin and the BD-A reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin were selected as the optimal CO2 geo-storage targets for the two sub-basins, with storage potentials of 1.09 × 108 t and 2.40 × 107 t, respectively. This study advances the methodology for assessing site-level potential of CO2 geo-storage in offshore saline aquifers and provides valuable insights for engineering applications and decision-making in future CO2 geo-storage projects in the Ying–Qiong Basin.

The aquaculture industry’s insatiable demand for fishmeal has led to a price surge, prompting the search for a sustainable alternative protein source. Enter Azolla meal, a plant protein that could be a viable substitute for fishmeal. This cost-effective supplemental feed could be a game-changer for small-scale producers looking to expand their aquaculture production. Numerous experiments have been conducted on replacing fishmeals with Azolla meals in fish diets, and the results have sparked further research. This review delves into Azolla’s composition, comparing it to fishmeal in terms of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. It also explores the value of employing Azolla in fish feeds and the various methods to mitigate its adverse effects through feed additives during the feed formulation. This review discusses the essential effects of Azolla meal on the growth of various fish species, including tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), catfish (Clarias batrachus), thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita), and catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus). Azolla’s potential extends beyond its use as a fish feed ingredient. It could also be utilized for bioremediation to remediate hazardous chemicals in water resulting from aquaculture, industrial, and household waste. Further research is needed to optimize the use of Azolla meal in fish feed and to develop cost-effective production methods. This review is a valuable resource for farmers looking to maximize profit when using Azolla in aquafeed and potentially sustainably enhance aquaculture production. With its promising potential, the Azolla meal could be the key to meeting the growing demand for fishmeals while reducing the industry’s environmental impact.

This study investigated the dietary arginine requirement for post-larval Litopenaeus vannamei based on growth performance and hepatopancreatic health indicators. A 25-day feeding trial was conducted. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets contained graded arginine levels (2.12–2.85%, A0–A4). Increasing dietary arginine significantly promoted growth performance without affecting whole‑body composition, while the highest survival rate occurred in shrimp fed the 2.85% diet. Antioxidant responses were endpoint-dependent: SOD and GPX reached their highest activities at A2–A3 (with A2 showing marked activation), whereas T-AOC and CAT continued to increase and MDA decreased at higher arginine levels. Quadratic regression of SOD activity estimated an optimum at approximately 2.51%. Expression of arginine metabolism genes (agm , nos ) and antioxidant genes ( gpx, sod ) was significantly upregulated in A2, whereas protein synthesis‑related genes were strongly activated in A4. Metabolomic profiling identified 141 differential metabolites, with L‑hydroxyarginine and DL‑proline upregulated and creatine downregulated in A4. In parallel, γ‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) and S‑adenosylmethionine (SAM) contents increased, indicating modulation of neurotransmission and methylation. Enrichment analysis showed significant effects on arginine and proline metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and GABAergic pathways. Correlation and network analyses suggested that elevated arginine improves growth and antioxidative capacity by reinforcing amino acid, phospholipid, and energy metabolism and supporting neuromodulation. In conclusion, integrating regression-estimated optima for antioxidant-related indices with growth and survival outcomes within the tested range suggests that the recommended dietary arginine requirement for post-larval Litopenaeus vannamei is approximately 2.51–2.85%, which promotes growth and survival, supports hepatopancreatic health, enhances antioxidant capacity, and modulates amino acid and lipid metabolism.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) had become one of the increasingly serious public health problems in the world. This study aimed to explore the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics and associated socioeconomic factors of medical expenditures for rural patients with CKD in Fujian province from 2007 to 2016. Methods The medical expenditures information of patients with CKD was abstracted from the database of New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme. Geographically and temporally weighted regression model was used to analyze the associations between per capita annual medical expenditures and six socioeconomic factors at the county level. Results The number of rural patients with CKD who visited in medical institutions increased from 3,099 in 2007 to 19,803 in 2016. The total and per capita medical expenditures of rural patients with CKD increased to 545.4 million yuan and 27,539.7 yuan in 2016, respectively. The ratio of per capita out-of-pocket expenses to per capita disposable income decreased from 108.5% in 2007 to 63.2% in 2016. The top 10% of patients with the highest total medical expenditures account for 31.2% ~ 52.5% of total medical expenditures from 2007 to 2016. The counties with high per capita annual medical expenditures mainly concentrated in the southern region and Longyan city. In which, the per capita annual medical expenditures were negatively associated with the percentage of female patients and number of health technicians per 10,000 persons, and positively associated with the percentage of patients who aged ≥ 60 years, percentage of patients whose length of stay > 10 days, per capita annual disposable income and number of beds per 10,000 persons. Conclusions The out-of-pocket ratio of rural patients with CKD decreased, but suffering from CKD was still catastrophic. The distribution of medical expenditures in rural residents was uneven and there was temporal-spatial heterogeneity in the associations between per capita annual medical expenditures and socioeconomic factors. It is necessary to improve the awareness and health literacy of residents, systematically carry out CKD screening program in high-risk populations, incorporate CKD into the National Basic Public Health Service Program and increase the number of health technicians which could effectively delay the disease progression and reduce medical expenses.