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Background This study aimed to systematically evaluate the associations between sedentary behavior (SB) in daily life and the risk of neck pain (NP), and to investigate the dose-response relationships between these variables across different populations, including variations in age, sex, occupation, and lifestyle practices. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies examining the association between SB and NP risk. The National Institute of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool was utilized to evaluate study quality. Odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association between SB and NP. Due to significant heterogeneity among the studies, a random-effects model was employed for the meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates. Results A total of 25 studies with 43,184 participants met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed a significant relationship between SB and NP (OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.33, 1.60). Subgroup analyses revealed that the risk of NP was greater in female (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.22, 1.67) than in male (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.27) and was greater in employees (OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.70, 2.28) than in students (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.39). Among screen-based SB, using mobile phones conferred the greatest risk of NP (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.27, 2.61), followed by using computers (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.40), whereas watching TV was not a significant risk (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.44). Moreover, SB ≥ 4 h per day (h/d) increased the risk of NP (OR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.38, 1.87), and the risk further increased with SB ≥ 6 h/d (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.42, 2.48). The risk of NP increased with a screen-based SB dose ≥ 1 h/d (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.17, 1.44), ≥ 2 h/d (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.18, 1.55), and ≥ 4 h/d (OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.26, 1.67). Conclusion SB is a notable risk factor for NP, with the risk escalating with longer durations of sedentary time. Targeted preventative measures, particularly for high-risk groups like female and employees, are necessary. Public health initiatives should encourage the reduction of sedentary behaviors and the promotion of physical activity to enhance neck health and alleviate the global prevalence of NP.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with atomic thickness are promising candidates for the applications in future semiconductor devices, owing to their fascinating physical properties and superlative optoelectronic performance. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is considered to be an efficiënt method for large-scale preparation of 2D materials toward practical applications. However, the high melting points of metal precursors and the thermodynamics instabilities of metastable phases limit the direct CVD synthesis of plenty of 2D materials. The salt has recently been introduced into the CVD process, which proved to be effective to address these issues. In this review, we highlighted the latest progress in the salt-assisted CVD growth of 2D materials, including layered and non-layered crystals. Firstly, strategies of adding salts are summarized. Then, the salt-assisted growth of various layered materials is presented, emphasizing on the transition metal chalcogenides of stable and metastable phases. Furthermore, strategies to grow ultrathin non-layered materials are discussed. We provide viewpoints into the techniques of using salt, the effects of salt, and the growth mechanisms of 2D crystals. Finally, we offer the challenges to be overcome and further research directions of this emerging salt-assisted CVD technique.

HighlightsA general layered 2D materials-derived atomic substitution conversion strategy is proposed to achieve the synthesis of large-size ultrathin nonlayered 2D materials.Using low-melting-point CdI2 flakes via a simple hot plate assisted vertical vapor deposition method as precursor, large-size ultrathin CdS flakes were successfully converted from layered to nonlayered nanostructures through a facile low-temperature chemical sulfurization process.The size and thickness of CdS flakes can be controlled by the CdI2 precursor. The growth mechanism is ascribed to the chemical substitution reaction from I to S atoms between CdI2 and CdS, which has been evidenced by experiments and theoretical calculations.Nonlayered two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing attention, due to novel physical properties, unique surface structure, and high compatibility with microfabrication technique. However, owing to the inherent strong covalent bonds, the direct synthesis of 2D planar structure from nonlayered materials, especially for the realization of large-size ultrathin 2D nonlayered materials, is still a huge challenge. Here, a general atomic substitution conversion strategy is proposed to synthesize large-size, ultrathin nonlayered 2D materials. Taking nonlayered CdS as a typical example, large-size ultrathin nonlayered CdS single-crystalline flakes are successfully achieved via a facile low-temperature chemical sulfurization method, where pre-grown layered CdI2 flakes are employed as the precursor via a simple hot plate assisted vertical vapor deposition method. The size and thickness of CdS flakes can be controlled by the CdI2 precursor. The growth mechanism is ascribed to the chemical substitution reaction from I to S atoms between CdI2 and CdS, which has been evidenced by experiments and theoretical calculations. The atomic substitution conversion strategy demonstrates that the existing 2D layered materials can serve as the precursor for difficult-to-synthesize nonlayered 2D materials, providing a bridge between layered and nonlayered materials, meanwhile realizing the fabrication of large-size ultrathin nonlayered 2D materials.

This study aimed to assess the psychological disturbance profiles of Chinese mine rescuers and identify associated risk factors. A stratified whole-group sampling method was employed to select 150 members of the Datong Mine Rescue Team in China as survey participants. These participants completed the following 6 assessment tools: the Injury Assessment Questionnaire for Mine Rescuers, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The relationships between sociodemographic variables, risk factors, and psychological disturbances were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Based on the cut-off scores for the SAS, SDS, and SCL-90, the sample was categorized into high- and low-risk groups. Among the 150 participants of the Datong Mine Rescue Team in China, the prevalences of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress were 15.3%, 17.3%, and 43.3%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that self-perception of stress (OR=4.359, p=0.005), sleep quality (OR=4.338, p=0.010), training-related injuries history (OR=5.609, p=0.040), and training frequency (OR=3.013, p=0.047) were risk factors for anxiety among mine rescuers. Additionally, self-perception of stress (OR=7.371, p<0.001) was identified as a risk factor for depression, while sleep quality (OR=4.844, p<0.001) was a risk factor for psychological disturbance based on the SCL-90. Training with existing injuries was found to be a risk factor for interpersonal sensitivity (OR=10.054, p=0.006), depression (OR=4.698, p=0.033), anxiety (OR=6.472, p=0.027), hostility (OR=3.864, p=0.047), and other factor (OR=3.736, p=0.020) among rescuers. Nearly half of the rescuers from the Datong Mine Rescue Team exhibited adverse psychological symptoms. Associated risk factors included self-perceived stress, sleep quality, training frequency, history of training-related injuries, and training with existing injuries. To promote mental health among rescuers, it is crucial to manage training-related injuries and proactively prevent training with under existing injury conditions.

Owing to intermittent/acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, highland miners may often suffer, the physiological characteristics between highland and lowland miners, however, are rarely reported. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological characteristics of coal miners working at disparate altitudes. Twenty-three male coal mining workers acclimating to high altitude for 30 ± 6 days in Tibet (highland group; approx. 4500 m above sea level; 628.39 millibar), and 22 male coal mining workers in Hebei (lowland group; less than 100 m above sea level; 1021.82 millibar) were recruited. Tests were conducted to compare ventilatory parameters, circulation parameters, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and heart rate variability (HRV) indices between the two groups in resting state. Ventilation volume per minute (VE) of the highland group was markedly raised compared to that of the lowland group (11.70 ± 1.57 vs. 8.94 ± 1.97 L/min,  = 0.000). In the meanwhile, O2 intake per heart beat (VO2/HR) was strikingly decreased (3.54 ± 0.54 vs. 4.36 ± 0.69 ml/beat,  = 0.000). Resting metabolic rate relevant to body surface area (RMR/BSA) was found no significant difference between the two groups. Evident reduction in standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and remarkable increase in ratio of low- and high- frequency bands (LF/HF) were manifest in highland miners compared to that of lowland ones (110.82 ± 33.34 vs. 141.44 ± 40.38,  = 0.008 and 858.86 ± 699.24 vs. 371.33 ± 171.46,  = 0.003; respectively). These results implicate that long-term intermittent exposure to high altitude can lead miners to an intensified respiration, a compromised circulation and a profound sympathetic-parasympathetic imbalance, whereas the RMR in highland miners does not distinctly decline.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the molecular response mechanisms of differential blood metabolites before and after 8 weeks of threshold and polarized training models using metabolomics technology combined with changes in athletic performance. Methods: Twenty-four male rowers aged 14–16 were randomly divided into a THR group and a POL group (12 participants each). The THR group followed a threshold training model (72%, 24%, and 4% of training time in low-, moderate-, and high-intensity zones, respectively), while the POL group followed a polarized training model (78%, 8%, and 14% training-intensity distribution). Both groups underwent an 8-week training program. Aerobic endurance changes were assessed using a 2 km maximal rowing performance test, and untargeted metabolome analysis was conducted to examine blood metabolomic changes before and after the different training interventions. Aerobic endurance changes were assessed through a 2 km maximal rowing test. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis was employed to evaluate changes in blood metabolome profiles before and after the different training interventions. Results: After 8 weeks of training, both the THR and POL groups exhibited significant improvements in 2 km maximal rowing performance (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between the groups. The THR and POL groups had 46 shared differential metabolites before and after the intervention, primarily enriched in sphingolipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways. Nine unique differential metabolites were identified in the THR group, mainly enriched in pyruvate metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. A total of 14 unique differential metabolites were identified in the POL group, predominantly enriched in sphingolipid metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. Conclusions: The 8-week THR and POL training models demonstrated similar effects on enhancing aerobic performance in adolescent male rowers, indicating that both training modalities share similar blood metabolic mechanisms for improving aerobic endurance. Furthermore, both the THR group and the POL group exhibited numerous shared metabolites and some differential metabolites, suggesting that the two endurance training models share common pathways but also have distinct aspects in enhancing aerobic endurance.

Van der Waals dielectrics, such as hexagonal boron nitride, are widely used to preserve the intrinsic properties of two-dimensional semiconductors in electronic devices. However, fabricating these materials on the wafer scale and integrating them with two-dimensional semiconductors is challenging because their synthesis typically requires mechanical exfoliation or vapour deposition processes. Here we show that a high- κ van der Waals dielectric can be created on wafer scales using an inorganic molecular crystal film of antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) fabricated via thermal evaporation deposition. Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) field-effect transistors supported by this dielectric substrate exhibit enhanced electron mobility—from 26 cm 2  V −1  s −1 to 145 cm 2  V −1  s −1 —and reduced transfer-curve hysteresis compared with when using SiO 2 substrate. MoS 2 transistors directly gated by the Sb 2 O 3 film can operate with a supply voltage of 0.8 V, on/off ratio of 10 8 and subthreshold swing of 64 mV dec −1 at 300 K. Inorganic molecular crystal films of antimony trioxide can be fabricated using thermal evaporation deposition and used as a van der Waals dielectric in molybdenum disulfide field-effect transistors.

In this work layered copper films with smooth surface were successfully fabricated onto ITO substrate by electrochemical deposition (ECD) and the thickness of the films was nearly 60 nm. The resulting films were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, XPS, and XRD. We have investigated the effects of potential and the concentration of additives and found that 2D dendritic-like growth process leaded the formation of films. A suitable growth mechanism based on diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) mechanism for the copper films formation is presented, which are meaningful for further designing homogeneous and functional films.

IR Li 2 Ga 2 GeS 6 nonlinear crystals were directly obtained with the composition of 40GeS 2 -30Ga 2 S 3 -30Li 2 S, by the conventional melt-quenching method. The high depth digital image indicated that the obtained Li 2 Ga 2 GeS 6 crystals showed a big size of 0.3 × 0.25 × 0.3 mm 3 . It was shown that the compound was very susceptive to H 2 O with second harmonic observation. Besides, the glass-forming region of GeS 2 -Ga 2 S 3 -Li 2 S system was further studied by the conventional melt-quenching method.GeS 2 -Ga 2 S 3 -Li 2 S glass-ceramics containing IR Li 2 Ga 2 GeS 6 nonlinear nanocrystals were obtained at a more carefully controlled heating rate.